China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Burkholderia
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Danielle L. Peters, Jaclyn G. McCutcheon, Karlene H. Lynch, Jonathan J. Dennis
More recently, the species Burkholderia gladioli has also been detected as a causative agent of the most prevalent foodborne illnesses. Since 2003, B. gladioli has been divided into four pathovars: gladioli, alliicola, agaricicola, and cocovenenans.9 The first three pathovars are primarily plant pathogens.10–12 However, in addition to being phytopathogenic, members of these pathovars can also infect immunocompromised patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), cystic fibrosis (CF), and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).13–16 The taxonomic description of B. gladioli pvs. gladioli, alliicola, and agaricicola indicates that they do not produce toxins that are harmful to humans, although some strains have since been shown to synthesize toxoflavin.13,16 The fourth pathovar, B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans, is genetically similar to the first three, but distinct with regard to both its epidemiology and pathogenicity. Whereas other Burkholderia species can be isolated from food and water supplies, including B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and members of the Bcc, B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans is the only species of the Burkholderia genus that is primarily characterized as a foodborne pathogen. B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans does not cause disease directly, but instead causes illness and death through the production of toxins that contaminate foods and beverages.
Bacterial infections after lung transplantation
Published in Wickii T. Vigneswaran, Edward R. Garrity, John A. Odell, LUNG Transplantation, 2016
Jennifer Delacruz, Jennifer L. Steinbeck, Kenneth Pursell, David Pitrak
The microbiota of LTRs may play an important role in the outcome of bacterial infection. Shteinberg and colleagues reported that patients colonized with fluoroquinolone-resistant gram-negative bacilli have significantly worse outcomes, with a relative risk for mortality of 9.2% even in patients without CF.31 The risk for colonization by these pathogens is directly related to previous antibiotic exposure. Infection with PsAR, Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia species, and mycobacteria plays a major role in patient outcomes and recipient selection; colonization or infection with MDR bacteria may be a contraindication to lung transplantation. Complex bacterial infection following lung transplantation is a particular problem for patients with CF. Certain species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex, such as Burkholderia gladioli and Burkholderia cenocepacia, pose a greater risk for death after transplantation in patients with CF.32 The effect of the existing microbial flora on outcome has been variable, however. Dobbin and coworkers showed that pretransplant colonization with pan-resistant bacteria was not associated with poor outcome or reduced survival.33 Aris and associates also demonstrated that the presence of MDR bacteria did not increase the risk for infection or adversely affect survival.34 Therefore, at this time each center needs to decide whether colonization or infection with MDRgram-negative rods is a contraindication to lung transplantation.
Burkholderia
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Danielle L. Peters, Fatima Kamal, Jonathan J. Dennis
The genus Burkholderia covers a diverse group of Gram-negative β-proteobacteria. Although currently at least 60 species and proposed species exist in the genus Burkholderia, very few have been studied extensively. Much of the research to date has focused on the bacteria of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and more recently, Burkholderia gladioli. The bacteria of the Bcc are pathogens that typically cause serious infections in plants, animals, and humans.1–3 However, they can also be beneficial in the environment as they fix nitrogen symbiotically for plants, produce antibiotics and antifungals, and have the capacity to degrade organic and xenobiotic compounds.4–6B. mallei causes “glanders,” a rare condition usually associated with horses, but that can also affect humans, whereas B. pseudomallei, endemic in Southeast Asia, causes “melioidosis,” a serious disease in humans with a wide variety of symptoms.7 The species B. gladioli has been divided into four pathovars: gladioli, alliicola, agaricicola, and cocovenenans.8 The first three B. gladioli pathovars listed are primarily plant pathogens,9–11 but members of these pathovars can occasionally also infect immunocompromised patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), cystic fibrosis (CF), or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).8,12,13 The taxonomic description of B. gladioli pvs. gladioli, alliicola, and agaricicola, published in 2003, suggests that they do not produce toxins that are harmful to humans, although some strains have since been shown to synthesize toxoflavin.8,14 The fourth B. gladioli pathovar, B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans, is distinct from the other pathovars with regards to its epidemiology and pathogenicity. Although the other Burkholderia species can be found as contaminants in food and water supplies (including the Bcc, B. mallei, and B. pseudomallei), B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans is the only bacterium of the Burkholderia genus that is traditionally characterized as a foodborne pathogen. Strains of B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans do not cause disease directly, but instead produce toxins that contaminate foods before ingestion by humans, similar to Clostridium botulinum. The laboratory infection models used to test Burkholderia pathogenicity and virulence are generally useful across the genera, whereas specific models have been devised to measure B. gladioli toxin activity. This chapter will briefly present the literature regarding the presence of B. mallei, B. pseudomallei, the Bcc, and B. gladioli in food and water supplies, and subsequently review the laboratory infection models that have been developed for each group of Burkholderia pathogenic bacteria.
Drug discovery through the isolation of natural products from Burkholderia
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Adam Foxfire, Andrew Riley Buhrow, Ravi S. Orugunty, Leif Smith
Gladiolin: Several strains of Burkholderia gladioli have been shown to possess promising antimicrobial activity. B. gladioli BCC0238, a strain originally isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient, produces gladiolin (Figure 3(a)). This novel macrolide has a molecular weight of 779 Da and was shown to inhibit RNA polymerase in several Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates and M. smegmatis. Gladiolin is also reported to have low cytotoxicity against an ovarian cancer cell line (> 100 μM) [57]. The in vitro IC50 of gladiolin to inhibit M. smegmatis RNA polymerase (RNAP) is 32 µM, whereas rifampicin in the same assay had an IC50 of 280 nM [57]. The high IC50 value of gladiolin in the RNAP transcription assay suggests that additional studies are needed to better understand its mechanism of action.
Experience of Ceftazidime/avibactam in a UK tertiary cardiopulmonary specialist center
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Lisa Nwankwo, Zahraa Butt, Silke Schelenz
A total of 35 culture positive samples were isolated from the 28 patients. Five NTM cultures were isolated from four patients and did not undergo further sensitivity testing as NTM is not routinely tested for ceftazidime/avibactam susceptibility. The NTM species isolated were all Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab). From the remaining 30 isolates eligible for susceptibility testing to Ceftazidime/avibactam, three MDR pseudomonas isolates were not tested. The MDR organisms isolated from the remaining 27 microbiology positive isolates include the genera of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, and Achromobacter. We observed an overall in vitro Ceftazidime/avibactam susceptibility of 56%; 15/27 isolates. There was 100% Ceftazidime/avibactam resistance to MDR Enterobacter aerogenes (1 isolate, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM) resistance mechanism thus expected), 75% resistance to MDR Achromobacter (three-fourths isolates), and 50% to Burkholderia (two-fourths isolates). Two isolates of Burkholderia (both Burkholderia cepacia complex) demonstrated sensitivity to Ceftazidime/avibactam, and two were resistant (one was Burkholderia gladioli, and the other was Burkholderia vietnamiensis). Sixty-seven percent sensitivity was seen with MDR Pseudomonas (10/15 isolates) in mixed CF and non-CF patient cohorts, and 67% sensitivity for MDR Klebsiella (two-thirds isolates). Where there was failed ceftazidime/avibactam susceptibility to MDR pseudomonas, one isolate was found to be positive for metallo-beta-lactamase production, and one was determined through Variable-Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) Typing Analysis at the Reference lab, to be of the epidemic Manchester strain, a highly resistant and transmissible strain observed in some CF populations [25,26].