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Commensal microbiota and its relationship to homeostasis and disease
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Jonathan Braun, Elaine Y. Hsiao, Nicholas Powell
It is unlikely that a single member of the indigenous microbiota drives IBD. This is well demonstrated in animal models. Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, but not Bacteroides distasonis or Escherichia coli, induce colitis in germ-free HLA-B27 rats. However, in germ-free IL-10-null mice, colonization with any of these species fails to induce colitis. In contrast, Enterococcus faecalis is highly colitogenic in IL-10-null mice. Viral infections may also be involved in colitis. Murine norovirus is endemic in laboratory mice. When mice expressing the Crohn's disease mutated ATG16L1 autophagy gene are infected with murine norovirus, there is marked abnormality of Paneth cells, and the animals are more susceptible to DSS (dextran sulfate sodium) colitis. Murine norovirus is related to several human norovirus species that cause acute gastroenteritis and have been associated with IBD.
Clindamycin and Lincomycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Historically, clindamycin has had good activity against the B. fragilis group of anaerobic bacteria. Early reports noted that most isolates of these organisms were inhibited by 2 mg/l or less of clindamycin (Bodner et al., 1972; Kislak, 1972; Sutter et al., 1973; Zabransky et al., 1973). However, the number of clindamycin-resistant isolates has been increasing and is geographically variable. Rates of resistance for the B. fragilis group to clindamycin are now reported to range from 20% to 60% (Oteo et al., 2000; Snydman et al., 2010). Overall, B. fragilis remains more susceptible to clindamycin than other bacteria of the B. fragilis group, such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Bacteroides distasonis (Appleman et al., 1991; Betriu et al., 1990; Fox and Phillips, 1987; Snydman et al., 2010; Tanaka-Bandoh et al., 1995). Rates of resistance are usually minimal among oral bacterial pathogens; however, Bacteroides gracilis (now named Campylobacter gracilis), which normally resides in the oral cavity, may be clindamycin-resistant (Lee et al., 1993; Vandamme et al., 1995). Johnson et al. (1985) reported that only 68% of the B. gracilis isolates evaluated were susceptible to clindamycin (Johnson and Finegold, 1987).
Bacteroides
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Studies have implicated the presence of E. coli and Bacteroides vulgatus in the development of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis; however, the relationship of this bacterial association with these diseases remains unclear.
Tebipenem, the first oral carbapenem antibiotic
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2018
Akash Jain, Luke Utley, Thomas R. Parr, Thomas Zabawa, Michael J. Pucci
Due to the fact that tebipenem is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, the impact of orally administered tebipenem on intestinal microflora was investigated in rodents [60]. It was found that doses of 30 mg/kg BID for 5 days had little impact on caecal flora in either mice or rats despite strong in vitro activity of the drug against intestinal aerobes and anaerobes [35]. Effects on intestinal flora in humans were examined with total, aerobic, and anaerobic bacterial counts assessed after 7 days of dosing three times daily with 100 and 200 mg TBPM-PI (L-084–02). Reductions in numbers of anaerobes were noted by day 7 in the 100 mg subject group and in both aerobes and anaerobes in the 200 mg group. No fecal Clostridium difficile or C. difficile toxin was detected in any subject. A four-fold increase in the MIC of Bacteroides vulgatus, a normal intestinal organism, was observed in 6/10 subjects in the 100 mg group and were reported to be all ß-lactamase producers.
Relationship between nasopharyngeal microbiota and patient’s susceptibility to viral infection
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Grégory Dubourg, Sophie Edouard, Didier Raoult
Children seem to be more susceptible to influenza infection. Indeed, it has recently been demonstrated that a particular community state type (CST), that was associated with lower risk of influenza, is rare and less stable among children and increases with age to reach a prevalence of 20% in adults. At the taxa level, Alloprevotella spp. and Prevotella spp. were positively associated with influenza infection, while an oligotype corresponding to the species Bacteroides vulgatus was decreased. The alpha-diversity did not seem to be linked with susceptibility to the infection [62]. To our knowledge, this study was the only one to evaluate variations in the composition of the nasopharyngeal microbiota and its association with the risk of influenza acquisition.
Gut microbiota associations with metabolic syndrome and relevance of its study in pediatric subjects
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Ana K. Carrizales-Sánchez, Tomás García-Cayuela, Carmen Hernández-Brenes, Carolina Senés-Guerrero
Prebiotics are gaining popularity since they serve as food for beneficial gut microbes, having a positive impact on human health. Studies in randomly selected obese, overweight, and healthy Canadian children from 7 to 12 years old showed the role of oligofructose-enriched inulin (OI) in the behavior and composition of the gut microbiota. After 16 week-consumption, subjects showed a significant reduction in body weight, body fat, and trunk fat. Moreover, they showed a relevant reduction of IL-6 levels and serum triglycerides compared to the placebo group. In addition, Bifidobacterium spp. (linked with normal-weight conditions) was increased and Bacteroides vulgatus (linked to IR) was decreased compared with the control group.86