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Vector-Borne Disease Surveillance
Published in Jerome Goddard, Public Health Entomology, 2022
Generally, mosquito larvae develop faster at higher temperatures. Large numbers of pupae indicate that a large number of adults will emerge in a few days. Since pupae do not feed, use of Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (BTI) or other products that must be eaten by mosquitoes will not control them. On the other hand, if most larvae are small, it may be 8–14 days before adults emerge, depending upon species and temperature. The investigator may then decide that an application of BTI is suitable. Large numbers of pupal skins floating on the surface are a sign that adult mosquitoes have recently emerged. An experienced investigator will also be able to determine the genus of many larvae based upon a few rather obvious characteristics. This knowledge will be useful in selecting the right larval control agent. For example, the bacterial product Bacillus sphaericus is more effective on Culex mosquitoes than Anopheles mosquitoes.
Biological Activities of Syzygium cumini and Allied Species
Published in K. N. Nair, The Genus Syzygium, 2017
Varughese George, Palpu Pushpangadan
The antibacterial activity of the essential oils from the leaves of S. cumini and S. travancoricum, collected from Kerala, India, was evaluated against Bacillus sphaericus, B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhimurium. The essential oils showed considerable antibacterial activity, especially against S. typhimurium (Shafi et al. 2002).
Soybean-Based Functional Foods Through Microbial Fermentation: Processing and Biological Activities
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Arijit Nath, Titas Ghosh, Abinit Saha, Klára Pásztorné Huszár, Szilvia Bánvölgyi, Renáta Gerencsérné Berta, Ildikó Galambos, Edit Márki, Gyula Vatai, Andras Koris, Arpita Das
Kinema is a soybean-based fermented food among ethnic community in Nepal [103]. It has a sticky texture, grey color, slightly alkaline and ammoniacal flavor [22, 24, 77]. Several microorganisms (such as: Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus circulans,Bacillus sphaericus, Enterococcus faecium, and Candida sp.) are used for preparation of kinema [104]. In Nepal, for traditional preparation of kinema, small-sized (~6 mm) yellow cultivar soybean seeds are used. Initially, soybean seeds are washed with water and soaked in water for overnight (~8 hours). Subsequently, soaked seeds are separated from water and are boiled with pure water for ~2.5 hours until the texture becomes soft. Then water is removed and soft soybean seeds are cracked lightly using a wooden mortar and a wooden pestle. This process may increase the surface area of substrate, which accelerates the fermentation process [24, 68]. Firewood ash (approximately 1%) is introduced to cracked soybeans to make it alkaline. Soybean gravels are placed in a bamboo basket, lined by leaves of fresh fern (Glaphylopteriolopsis erubescens). This basket is covered with a jute bag and natural indigenous fermentation is allowed on an earthen oven at temperature 25-40°C. In the summer season, fermentation process may be completed in 1-2 days because of high heat during day time; whereas in winter season, fermentation process may take 2-3 days. Kinema is generally eaten as a curry with steamed rice. To prepare kinema curry, fresh kinema is mixed with chopped vegetables and spices (onion, tomato, and turmeric), and is fried with vegetable oil [24, 103, 104]. Figure 1.8 shows the methodology for preparation of kinema.
Malaria interventions and control programes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A narrative review
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2021
Akwaowo Bassey Orok, Olusola Ajibaye, O. Oluwagbemiga Aina, Godswill Iboma, Sunday Adagyo Oboshi, Bamidele Iwalokun
Some observers and analyst have viewed that the best approached to malaria control and elimination is the application of integrated vector management (IVM) strategy either at the larval or adult stages of the vector (4). In sub-Saharan Africa, two methods stands out in this strategy: uses of long lasting Insectidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Larval control is seen as a secondary control measure when rated with LLIN and IRS (Maheu-Giroux & Castro, 2013). Principal Lavicidal control agents are the larvivorous fishes, and the bacterial pathogens (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus) (Das & Amalraj, 1977; Kathleen, 2002). Other organisms showing promise include a number of fungal pathogens and some local plant (Adebayo et al., 2014). However, the use of larval source management has not been given a place in contemporary malaria control programs in sub-Saharan Africa (Maheu-Giroux & Castro, 2013) and presently, this can best be seen as an academic exercise. In most setting, pilot larviciding have been carried out with challenges such as lack of define policy, strategic framework and plan of action (National malaria strategic plan, 2014–2020).
Gut microbiota response to ionizing radiation and its modulation by HDAC inhibitor TSA
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Noopur Gupta, Anup Kainthola, Manisha Tiwari, Paban K. Agrawala
Identification of the bacteria that prominently translocated on the 8th-day after radiation exposure was done by 16s rRNA sequencing and found to be Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Pseudomonas mendocina (aerobic). Both strains showed the ability to translocate in to the liver and Escherichia coli O104 translocated to mesenteric lymphatic system from the gut. While the bacterial strains Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Pseudomonas mendocina and Escherichia coli O104 are known to be environmental contaminants, their potentiality to cause secondary and postoperative infections cannot be ignored. Severe sepsis due to persistent Lysinibacillus species has already been reported by other investigators (Wenzler et al. 2015). Way back in 1976, a group of investigators documented Bacillus sphaericus as a pathogen, and stated it as unique in that the organism produced a massive pseudo tumor of the lung (Isaacson et al. 1976). In a very recent study conducted in the US, bacteremia with Pseudomonas mendocina in severely immunocompromised patients (Gani et al. 2019) was reported which firms the fact that under stressed/immunocompromised conditions P. mendocina can pose a serious threat to the patient. We challenged the mice with radiation and found this very strain to translocate and cause infection in the liver. Other studies have also reported the opportunistic infections with P. mendocina in a woman with tricuspid endocarditis (Johansen et al. 2001) and hence, the occurrence of infection in the liver with P. mendocina after γ-irradiation suggests that its translocation from the gut could be lethal. Our study further disclosed that Escherichia coli O104 which is notoriously known to cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) (Bae et al. 2006) and has the potentiality to translocate to the adjacent organs (Alexander et al. 2012) following radiation exposure. This study provides a firm platform to further investigate the immunological aspect of the bacterial translocation from the gut in the adjacent organs.