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Campylobacter Jejuni Infection
Published in Meera Chand, John Holton, Case Studies in Infection Control, 2018
The family Campylobacteraceae includes the genera Campylobacter and Arcobacter. These are taxonomically closely related to the family Helicobacteraceae, which contains many Helicobacter species, notably H. pylori, which was initially thought to be a Campylobacter species. Both families lay within the epsilonproteobacteria. There are over 20 species of Campylobacter, but C. jejuni causes most infections.
Arcobacter
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Nuria Salas-Massó, Alba Perez-Cataluña, Luis Collado, Arturo Levican, Maria José Figueras
As commented, Arcobacter spp. are gram-negative, non-spore-forming curved or helical rod-shaped cells (0.2–0.9 × 1–3 μm) that are motile via a single polar flagellum [14]. This morphology is similar to that of Campylobacter spp. However, growth requirements are somewhat less fastidious because most Arcobacter, depending upon species and/or strains, display aerotolerance of at least 5% O2 and grow at a broad range of temperatures (15°C, 25°C, 37°C–42°C). It has been stated that optimal growth can be obtained at 30°C under microaerobic conditions. However, using an incubation temperature of 25°C Van den Abeele et al. [21] detected a similar incidence of Arcobacter among patients with diarrhea (1.31%) than previous studies from India that employed 37°C [22 and references therein]. In addition, in a recent study performed by Levican et al. [23], there was no significant difference between the species recovered from wastewater when comparing results obtained after incubation under aerobic or microaerobic conditions. However, recently an obligate anaerobic species, Arcobacter anaerophilus has been described [24], but this is so far an atypical characteristic for the genus. An additional atypical member of the genus is an obligate halophile species, that is, Arcobacter halophilus that requires the presence of at least 2% NaCl in the culture media to grow [25]. Recently, six isolates of A. halophilus and 52 new isolates of Arcobacter marinus were recovered from water and shellfish using an enrichment step in Arcobacter-CAT (Cefoperazone, Amphotericin B, and Teicoplanin) liquid medium supplemented with 2.5% NaCl (w/v) followed by culturing on marine agar after passive filtration [26]. In the same study, several new species from shellfish and water, pending description, were discovered mainly from the medium containing salt [26].
Enhanced removal of antibiotics using Eichhornia crassipes root biomass in an aerobic hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Sevcan Aydin, Duygu Nur Arabacı, Aiyoub Shahi, Hadi Fakhri, Suleyman Ovez
In this study, the impact of dried water hyacinth root biomass was assessed in an aerobic HF-MBR for treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. The results showed that the addition of WHRB did not significantly affect membrane biofouling, although it increased COD removal by 6%. While antibiotics were already removed from effluents with efficiencies > 98%, the manner of removal was altered due to the impact on the microbial community structure. The accumulation of antibiotics in the biofilm layer was decreased in the presence of WHRB, thus enhancing biological processes that contribute to COD removal. Transformation products decreased in sludge and effluent samples and increased in biofilm in the presence of WHRB. Microbial analysis revealed that a hard to remove pathogen and known bio-foulant genus, Arcobacter, was not affected by antibiotics. However, it was completely reduced in the presence of WHRB. Furthermore, the denitrifying genera, Dechloromonas and Leptothrix also increased with the addition of WHRB In the biofilm layer, the genus Sulfurovum became dominant in the control with antibiotics, however, was barely present in theEC reactor. Moreover, genera with TC-degrading properties such as an unidentified genus from the Nitrospiraceae, Ferruginibacter, and Terrimonas were also enriched in the presence of WHRB.
Multiple coinfections and Guillain Barré syndrome following outdoor travel to the American Northeast
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
William Farrington, Farzam Farahani, Kevin Garrett Tayon, Jaclyn Rudzinski, Mark Feldman, Kartavya Sharma
To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of GBS associated with multiple concurrent infections including bacterial, viral, and protozoan organisms. Arcobacter is being increasingly recognized as an emerging food- and waterborne human pathogen causing diarrheal illness.2,3