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The Parasite's Way of Life
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Kinetoplastids are flagellated protozoa, which include among their ranks some of the most important human and animal parasites. Trypanosomes are responsible for both human and animal trypanosomiasis, whereas Leishmania spp. cause either cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis. These parasites have indirect life cycles and use vector transmission. In all of them, there is extensive asexual reproduction via binary fission in both the vertebrate host and the arthropod vector.
The Role Of The World Health Organization
Published in F. Y. Liew, Vaccination Strategies of Tropical Diseases, 2017
Despite the need for vaccines against both human and animal trypanosomiasis, there are no clear leads towards their development at the present time. Parasites in the blood evade the immune attack of the host by variation of their coat of surface glycoproteins through a very large repertoire. As yet no surface parasite antigens have been found which are either invariant, or occur frequently at an early stage of infection. Thus there is at present no basis for vaccine development. In collaboration with others, notably the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD) in Nairobi, Kenya, TDR supports research on the mechanisms of antigenic variation, and epidemiological studies on the distribution of variants.
Melarsoprol
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
In animal trypanosomiasis, extensive work has been performed and similar studies have revealed differences between sensitive and resistant isolates of 100- to 1000-fold for various drugs (Brun et al., 2001). The IC50 values were all low, and there was no difference in values between relapsing and cured subjects. However, the more recent isolates from Uganda have been shown to be less sensitive than isolates from Côte d’Ivoire. In patients from Uganda, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels were measured 24 hours after the last dose of melarsoprol, and were virtually the same in those receiving treatment for the first time as for a relapse (Brun et al., 2001). In a more recent study, the same group characterized 18 T. brucei gambiense isolates from Sudan, an area where high treatment failure has led to the abandonment of melarsoprol (Maina et al., 2007). The investigators found no evidence of resistance, either by in vitro phenotypic testing or genetic analysis.
Are patents important indicators of innovation for Chagas disease treatment?
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Andrea Pestana Caroli, Felipe R. P. Mansoldo, Veronica S. Cardoso, Celso Luiz Salgueiro Lage, Flavia L. Carmo, Claudiu T Supuran, Alane Beatriz Vermelho
The focus of the e patent EP3345917A1 [89] is a peptide chain with 5 to 7 amino acids for the treatment of parasitic disease, African human trypanosomiasis (HAT), African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT), and Leishmaniasis, particularly visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Some of them contain -aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), leucine (Leu), or alanine (Ala).