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Recent Developments in Therapies and Strategies Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Misbah Hameed, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Marius Moga
Teicoplanin is an antibiotic that is used as a prophylactic agent and in the treatment of some serious Gram-positive bacterial infections, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. It is a semisynthetic glycopeptide in nature. It is produced from the fermentation of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. It has a spectrum of activity similar to that of vancomycin. It acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Ramoplanin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Ramoplanin (A 16686, A 16686A, MDL 62198, NTI-851) is a novel oral nonabsorbable 17-amino-acid cyclic lipoglycodepsipeptide antibiotic from Biosearch Italia. Cyclic lipodepsipeptides (see Chapter 45, Daptomycin) contain one or more ester bonds along with the amide bonds and have emerged as promising candidates for the development of new antibiotics. Ramoplanin is an antibiotic complex first identified in 1984 that was isolated from the fermentation broth of Actinoplanes spp. ATCC 33076. It is a mixture of three closely related compounds, ramoplanin A1–A3, which differ only in the acyl group attached to the Asn-1 N-terminus; ramoplanin A2 is the most abundant (Shin et al., 2004). The empirical formula is C106H170ClN21O30, and the molecular weight is 2254. The chemical structure of ramoplanin is shown in Figure 49.1.
Glycopeptides
Published in Thomas T. Yoshikawa, Shobita Rajagopalan, Antibiotic Therapy for Geriatric Patients, 2005
Glycopeptides are chemically complex antimicrobial compounds that contain a heptapeptide connected to a variety of sugar groups. Vancomycin was isolated from Nocardia orientalis. Teicoplanin is derived from the Actinomycete, Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. Both vancomycin and teichoplanin were discovered in the 1950s. Vancomycin was introduced into clinical use in 1956, and since that time, teicoplanin has been used extensively in Europe but not in the United States. Glycopeptides have a larger structure and molecular weight than do β-lactams and aminoglycosides. Both vancomycin and teicoplanin act on the peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls in Gram-Positive Organisms. Vancomycin has an effect on intracellular or RNA synthesis, but teichoplanin does not. Pharmacokinetically, vancomycin and teicoplanin exhibit concentration-dependent killing kinetics and are bactericidal at high concentrations and are bacterostatic at lower concentrations (4-7).
Current developments in lantibiotic discovery for treating Clostridium difficile infection
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2019
Actagardine (originally isolated under the name of gardimycin) is produced by Actinoplanes garbadinensis and Actinoplanes liguriae [72]. Actagardine acts by binding to lipid II, blocking the transglycosylation reaction involved in cell wall synthesis, thus inhibiting the process [73]. Actagardine is a lantibiotic with antimicrobial activity against a range of Gram-positive bacteria, producing MICs in the range of 1.477–11.813 μg/ml against C. difficile [74]. Actagardine A is a naturally occurring variant containing an additional alanine that is produced by A. liguriae ATCC 31049 [75]. A variant library of actagardine A was generated through saturation mutagenesis. The potency of this lantibiotic was increased compared to the wild type peptide against C. difficile by virtue of the substitution phenylalanine to valine at position 15 (V15F) [76]. Additional investigation into this lantibiotic and the ability of bioengineering to enhance its properties is warranted.
Reappraisal and perspectives of clinical drug–drug interaction potential of α-glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose, voglibose and miglitol in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Ranjeet Prasad Dash, R. Jayachandra Babu, Nuggehally R. Srinivas
Among the aforementioned anti-diabetic drug categories, AGIs are considered an important therapeutic class, which consist of three drugs namely acarbose, voglibose and miglitol (Figure 1). However, it has not been rated high in the preference list for diabetes management, despite the fact of having comparable effect on glycated hemoglobin as that of metformin or thiazolidinediones (van de Laar, 2008). AGIs primarily belong to bacterial origin or the derivatives of their products. Acarbose was isolated from Actinoplanes; miglitol, a semisynthetic derivative of 1-deoxynojirimycin, from Bacillus and Streptomyces sp. and voglibose, is a semisynthetic derivative of validamycin A, obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. limoneus (Hanefeld & Schaper, 2007).