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Social Distancing and Quarantine as COVID-19 Control Remedy
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Adeel Ahmad, Muhammad Hussaan, Fatima Batool, Sahar Mumtaz, Nagina Rehman, Samina Yaqoob, Humaira Kausar
The prevention of disease is best accomplished by identifying, testing, and isolating the infectious cases as quickly as possible [81, 82]. Moreover, it is critical to trace all people living in close contact with infected person [83], so that they can be isolated and quarantined to halt the further spread of disease. These measures’ prime objectives are the prevention of interpersonal transmission by isolating people living in close vicinity. The preventive measures we have are social distancing, isolation, and quarantine. All these measures are implemented in the world on a massive scale. The quarantining of close contacts reduces the further shedding of the virus before it appears on secondary cases. On average, the Coronavirus takes 5–6 days but sometimes takes 14 days to onset the symptoms of infection [84, 85]. Therefore, the quarantine period should be practice for 14 days from the last contact with an infected person. Social distancing can effectively limit the spread of corona-virus disease [2]. Meanwhile, the asymptomatic infected people can spread the virus; it is also significant to use the masks in public to restrict the further spread of disease. Fabric masks, can act as a barrier to control the transmission of virus if made and worn properly [83]. However, the comprehensive preventive measures, which include physical distancing, cleaning, and disinfecting the environment and frequent hand hygiene must be adopted with a face mask. The indoor crowding, especially where physical distancing is not possible, also includes recommended precautions of CoVs disease [86, 87].
Online promotion of public health
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Cynthia S.Y. Lau, Ben Y.F. Fong
Preferences of people are easily identified through the Internet. When people use the social networks, their browsing and searching records are collected. A large amount of user data can be analysed by the big data techniques. The results can then be used to predict what people like searching and where they go based on their activity patterns through the smartphones and computers. These techniques are applied in epidemiology. Countries like Denmark, the United States and India have started using big data to conduct public health research. Big data is used to predict, control, manage and prevent non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancers and diabetes. Moreover, locations of individuals can be followed by the Global Positioning System via the smartphone. This helps to trace the spread of diseases, particularly during outbreaks, and not only relying on self-reported data or surveys (Naaz & Siddiqui, 2019).
Additional Information about Infectious Diseases
Published in Lyle D. Broemeling, Bayesian Analysis of Infectious Diseases, 2021
Under these restrictions, one would be able to trace the number of susceptible individuals and the number of infectious individuals on a daily basis. Becker and Hopper [15] found a significant difference between the within-household infection rate and the between-household infection rate. Also determined was some heterogeneity in the infection rates for different age groups. Based on the results of Becker and Hopper, three age groups were defined as follows: infants from 0-4 years, school children from 5-16, and the rest over 16 years as adults. In Table 8.17, the age groups are designated as 1,2, and 3 respectively. The number of infectious individuals in each age group is recorded.
Assessing accuracy of testing and diagnosis in cystic fibrosis
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2023
Malina Barillaro, Tanja Gonska
To interrogate the variability between testing centers, a survey was given to NPD testing centers within the European CF Society Diagnostic Network Working Group (ECFS DNWG). This survey assessed the protocols used and the rater agreement in interpretation of NPD results [60]. Out of 18 centers, 17 were found to use some standardized protocol, of which most were from the CF foundation or ECFS. However, it is important to consider that NPD SOPs do not include standardization in interpretation of results. Between centers, results examined for interpretation were found to vary, and the reference ranges were center-specific [60]. Centers were also assessed for trace interpretation through assigned traces. Despite variation in result assessment methods, typical CF and non-CF traces had good agreement between centers. However, the agreement was much lower for borderline traces or those with different results between two nostrils [60]. Thus, although NPD is recommended when sweat chloride levels and CFTR genetics produce inconclusive results; if the NPD traces also produced inconclusive results, result interpretations may vary across centres.
Maternal and Placental Zinc and Copper Status in Intra-Uterine Growth Restriction
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Özge Yücel Çelik, Sevginur Akdas, Aykan Yucel, Burcu Kesikli, Nuray Yazihan, Dilek Uygur
Our study indicated that placenta zinc concentrations (9.39 ± 2.04 vs 11.41 ± 4.14 µg/g) and placenta zinc/copper ratio of mothers (3.94 ± 2.02 vs 5.76 ± 2.64) were lower in the IUGR group compared to controls (p < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference between two groups in maternal zinc, copper or zinc/copper ratio (Table 2 and Fig. 1). Correlations were found between placenta zinc concentrations and birth weight (p: 0.01, r: 0.31) (Fig. 2) but there was no correlation between placenta zinc level and birth week (p: 0.30, r: 0.137). There weren’t significant differences in clinical and biochemical parameters between control and IUGR groups. Other clinical parameters were correlated with trace element status. Decrease in placental zinc status with IUGR development correlated with increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (p: 0.016, r: –0.312), and decrease in placenta zinc/copper ratio with IUGR development correlated with increased creatinine level (p: 0.018, r: –0.362) of pregnant women. Maternal serum copper level showed positive correlation with ALT level (p: 0.047, r: 0.285) and negative correlation fibrinogen level (p: 0.039, r: –0.372). The maternal zinc/copper ratio showed negative correlation with fibrinogen level (p: 0.029, r: –0.399).
Benefit of HIV Molecular Surveillance is Unclear, but Risks to Prevention Norms Are Clear
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2020
The use of molecular surveillance to trace the patterns of infectious disease transmission in populations has undoubtedly contributed to better understandings of infection dynamics in diseases as diverse as Ebola, tuberculosis, Zika and influenza (McClelland et al. 2019; Mutenherwa et al. 2019). With regard to HIV, a clear benefit of genotypic molecular surveillance is the monitoring of resistance trends at a national level, so that should dangerous levels of resistance occur with regard to particular antiretroviral drugs (ARV), clinical guidance can be adjusted to avoid reliance on these drugs. This is important both for ensuring that recommended first-line ARV is appropriate to suppress circulating strains, and for monitoring whether resistance could be developing to ARV used for prevention—pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) drugs (WHO 2017b). The use of phylogenetic surveillance for “enhanced public health measures,” however, brings up a range of significant ethical issues.