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Cranial Neuropathies I, V, and VII–XII
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
The vestibulocochlear nerve is a special somatic afferent nerve consisting of two functional divisions: the vestibular nerve, mediating equilibrium and balance information from the vestibular apparatus (semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle), and the cochlear nerve, mediating auditory information from the cochlear apparatus (organ of Corti in the spiral ganglion). Both of these structures are in the inner ear, which is located deep in the temporal bone within a space called the bony labyrinth (Figure 21.13). The bony labyrinth contains the membranous labyrinth and is filled with perilymph, a fluid with a chemical content similar to that of CSF and plasma. The membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph, a highly specialized fluid with high protein content. The membranous labyrinth is further divided in two portions: vestibular and cochlear. The hair cells are the sensory receptors for both the vestibular and the cochlear systems.2
Vestibular Respiratory Regulation
Published in Alan D. Miller, Armand L. Bianchi, Beverly P. Bishop, Neural Control of the Respiratory Muscles, 2019
The peripheral vestibular system is located in the inner ear, in a structure referred to as the labyrinth. The labyrinth is adjacent to the organ of audition, the cochlea. The bony labyrinth, which is carved from temporal bone, is comprised of three ring-like structures called semicircular canals and a rounded structure called the vestibule. Within the bony labyrinth is a membranous labyrinth that is made up of interconnected sacs that contain the vestibular end organs. The structure of the labyrinth is shown schematically in Figure 1.
Mouth and throat, face, and the five senses
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
The inner ear is derived from the otic vesicles (auditory vesicles), which flank the hindbrain. In the same way that the optic vesicles change the pathway of ectodermal cell differentiation from epidermis to lens, the hindbrain alters the pathway of ectodermal cell differentiation from epidermis to inner ear. The otic vesicles give rise to the membranous labyrinths (tortuous anatomic structures, so called because of their epithelial lining and labyrinthine chambers), which will become incorporated into similarly shaped bony labyrinths in the temporal bones. Each membranous labyrinth gives rise to three structures—endolymphatic duct, vestibule, and cochlea—in a dorsal to ventral direction (Figure 17.11).
MATE1 expression in the cochlea and its potential involvement in cisplatin cellular uptake and ototoxicity
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Sofia Waissbluth, Agustín D. Martínez, Cindel Figueroa-Cares, Helmuth A. Sánchez, Juan C. Maass
P5 to P7 animals were sacrificed by decapitation (n = 20 cochleae). Both cochleae were obtained by skull dissection and brain removal. Both inner ears located in the temporal bone were isolated, and cochleae were delicately extracted. The dissection was performed using a modified bath solution made with (in mM) 138 NaCl, 5 KCl, 6 Glucose and 10 HEPES, pH7.4. and previously filtered and stored at 4 °C. Briefly, the bony tissue is separated from the membranous labyrinth. Next, the tissue is fixed in the basal region and the membrane labyrinth is extended radially out and split from the central modiolus. Then, the sensory epithelium is separated from the stria vascularis and spiral ligament, and finally transferred to a coverslip previously treated with Geltrex (Gibco A1569601, Life Technologies). In some experiments, the stria vascularis was maintained. Once that tissue is attached to the substrate, the coverslip is covered with culture medium (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium, containing ampicillin (10 μg/ml) and supplemented with 5% FBS and 5% horse serum) and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C with 5% CO2 and 95% humidity. During imaging experiments, cultures were exposed to the same modified bath solution used during dissection.
Research on congenital severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss associated with central lucency of the bony island of the lateral semicircular canal
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Qin Wang, Panpan Bian, Shengjin Bai, Chi Chen, Yanli Wang, Yufen Guo, Baicheng Xu
Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the width of the BCNC, the surface of the bony island and the height of the cochlea were the main influencing factors of grouping (R2=0.331). These data showed that the width of the BCNC was the most influential factor for grouping (β = 0.295, p < .05), which has been proven in previous studies that the width of the BCNC is of great significance in SNHL; however, in our study, the surface of the bony island was also related to SNHL to a certain extent (β = 0.288, p < .05). This may prove that the central lucency of the bony island may represent incomplete ossification, which is caused by dysplasia of the membranous labyrinth. The influencing factors of the surface of the bony island (R2=0. 138) were the width of the BCNC (β = 0.146, p < .05), the width of the medial portion of the LSCC (β=-0.180, p < .05), and the width of the cochlea (β = 0.316, p < .05). The surface of the bony island also affects the development of the membranous labyrinth. Semicircular canal development is closely related to cochlear development.
Magnetic resonance imaging of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with unilateral Meniere’s disease: volume ratio and distribution rate of the endolymphatic space
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Hiroshi Inui, Tsuyoshi Sakamoto, Taeko Ito, Tadashi Kitahara
The inner-ear labyrinth comprises two parts: the osseous labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth, which includes the utriculus, sacculus, ampulla of the semi-circular canals, endolymphatic sac, and cochlear duct, is continuous and filled with endolymph. In 1938, Hallpike and Cairns [1] and Yamakawa [2] revealed that an extended endolymphatic space (ELS), also called endolymphatic hydrops (ELH), is a pathological feature of Meniere’s disease (MD), which is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent vertigo, tinnitus, aural fullness, and fluctuating hearing loss in the affected ear. Currently, ELH in patients with MD is being studied with the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In 2009, Nakashima et al. employed MRI to grade of ELH in the vestibule and cochlea by calculating the ratio of the area of the ELS to the area of the total fluid space (TFS) [3]. In our previous study, 3D MRI was used to obtain quantitative volumetric measurements of inner-ear components and inner-ear ELH as well as to define the range of normal ELS volumes in healthy volunteers without vertiginous or cochlear symptoms [4]; the average cochlear and vestibular ELS/TFS volume ratios in the healthy volunteers were found to be 10.2% and 17.7%, respectively. In the present study, we sought to measure the distribution rate of endolymphatic fluid in the membranous labyrinth of inner-ear components in patients with MD.