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Chemosensory Disorders and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Carl M. Wahlstrom, Alan R. Hirsch, Bradley W. Whitman
Hyperosmia is the increased ability to smell, whereas hyperguesia is the increased ability to taste. Subjective hyperosmia and subjective hypergeusia are perceived, but not true increase in smell or taste, respectively (Veldran and Hirsch 2017). Selective hyperosmia is hyperacute smell to specific odorants. Selective hypergeusia is the perception of a greater than normal taste to specific tastants.
Development of palliative medicine in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Published in Eduardo Bruera, Irene Higginson, Charles F von Gunten, Tatsuya Morita, Textbook of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2015
Taste alterations often occur with radiation therapy and chemotherapy and can appear as hypogeusia (reduction in taste sensation), dysgeusia (distorted taste sensation; e.g., bitter, metallic, salty or unpleasant), or hypergeusia (heightened taste sensation) (Figure 117.1). Â 32*** During radiation therapy of head and neck cancer, alteration of taste sensation initiates after 1 week of treatment and persists throughout the entire treatment period whereafter it resolves within a few months after radiation therapy. 33 Antineoplastic drugs are also associated with taste alterations that can be attributed to either a direct damage of the gustatory cells or the salivary secretion of the antineoplastic drug into the oral cavity. Â 34 The taste alterations induced by antineoplastic drugs usually resolve within a few months following the cancer treatment. However, some patients may experience that the taste alterations persists, which may be attributed to other aggravating factors: for example, salivary gland hypofunction, oral infections, poor oral hygiene, drug intake, zinc deficiency, gastrointestinal reflux, or damage to sensory taste nerves as sequelae from cancer surgery. Â 32*** See "Basic Oral Care" section and Figure 117.3 for management strategies. Â 32***
Individual Differences in Chemosensory Perception Amongst Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Narrative Review
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Alba Ruiz-Ceamanos, Charles Spence, Jordi Navarra
In fact, it has been estimated that 45–84% of these patients suffer from alterations to their sense of taste and somewhere between 5–60% from alterations to their sense of smell (15). Somewhat surprisingly, however, not all of those patients who suffer from alterations to their chemical senses necessarily describe them in quite the same way, nor suffer them with quite the same intensity (16). Taste alterations may, for example, include the absence of taste (ageusia), a decrease of taste sensitivity (hypogeusia), or the appereance of strange taste sensations in the absence of any flavorful inputs (phantogeusia). Other patients report an increase in the intensity of certain tastes (hypergeusia) and taste distortions when the taste receptors are activated by an external agent (dysgeusia; see 11).
Baseline Dysgeusia in Chemotherapy-Naïve Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients: Association with Nutrition and Quality of Life
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Jenny Georgina Turcott, Eva Juárez-Hernández, Karla Sánchez-Lara, Diana Flores-Estrada, Zyanya Lucia Zatarain-Barrón, Oscar Arrieta
Lung cancer continues to present the highest mortality compared to other cancer types worldwide (1). In Mexico, over 7600 patients die every year due to this neoplasm (2). Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common subtype, and represents 80% of lung cancer (LC) cases (3). At the time of diagnosis, malnutrition can be observed in at least 45 percent of the patients (4–6), most patients present with a considerable symptom burden, and are at a high risk of involuntary weight loss (7). Dysgeusia can be defined as a taste alteration and can be perceived as a distortion of taste (dysgeusia), absence of taste (ageusia), decreased detection sensitivity (hypogeusia), or increased sensitivity to any or all tastes (hypergeusia) (8). Dysgeusia is one of the gastrointestinal symptoms commonly present in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. A systematic review in cancer patients reports a prevalence of dysgeusia in 56.3% of the patients treated with chemotherapy (CT) and 66.5% of patients treated with radiotherapy (RT). Dysgeusia prevalence can increase up to 76% in patients receiving concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CCR) (9). However, dysgeusia can be present even without anticancer treatment (10). The sense of taste is critical in the pleasure of eating (10) and it can impact Health-related quality of life (HRQL) (11). Dysgeusia can change food preferences and develop food aversion, decreasing nutrient intake, promoting weight loss (12), and affecting HRQL. Early identification of dysgeusia may promote a timely management, including dietary counseling, flavor enhancement, and oral supplementation, with the objective of preventing involuntary weight loss and improving HRQL (13).