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Clinical Applications of Frequency-Following Response in Children and Adults
Published in Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm, Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
Milaine Dominici Sanfins, Stavros Hatzopoulos, Maria Francisca Colella-Santos
Physiologically, the perception of speech begins in the brainstem, which has an important role in the process of reading as well in the phonological acquisition (Dhar et al., 2009; Hornickel et al., 2009; Basu et al., 2010). An effective and objective way to assess the characteristics of these processes is to employ a frequency-following response (FFR) approach. The FFR allows the identification of fine-grained auditory processing deficits, associated with real-world communication skills, which are not apparent in responses evoked by clicks. Most importantly the FFR approach can be used for the early identification of auditory processing impairments in very young children (Kraus and Hornickel, 2013). Above all, FFR can be used as an objective measure of the hearing function. FFR is not influenced by environmental factors, which can disrupt the behavioral assessment (Sanfins, 2004). The majority of behavioral tests are sensitive to factors, such as attention, motivation, alertness/fatigue, and by co-occurring disorders, such as language impairments, learning impairments, or attention deficits (Baran, 2007).
Auditory pathways
Published in Stanley A. Gelfand, Hearing, 2017
The frequency-following response (FFR) is a steady-state evoked potential that is elicited by periodic signals. In the case of tonal signals, the FFR is synchronized (i.e., phase-locked) to the period of the stimulus. For example, Figure 6.16 shows the FFR produced by 25-ms, 500-Hz tone bursts. Notice that the FFR waveform has a 2-ms period, corresponding to the period of the 500-Hz stimulus (t = 1/f = 1/500 Hz = 0.002 s, or 2 ms). When measured using surface electrodes on the scalp, the FFR is most robust in response to lower frequency tones such as 500 Hz, but can elicited by tone bursts up to about 2000 Hz (Moushegian et al., 1973; Glaser et al., 1976).
Audio Visual Entrainment and Acupressure Therapy for Insomnia
Published in Anne George, Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi, Blessy Joseph, Sabu Thomas, Sebastian Mathew, V. Raji, Holistic Healthcare, 2017
G. Hema, Mariya Yeldhos, Sowmya Narayanan, L. Dhivyalakshmi
Binaural beats may influence functions of the brain in ways besides those related to hearing. This phenomenon is called “frequency following response.” The concept is that if one receives a stimulus with a frequency in the range of brain waves, the predominant brainwave frequency is said to be likely to move toward the frequency of the stimulus and this process is called entrainment. This is the principle behind the audio unit of the device.
Non-negative matrix factorization improves the efficiency of recording frequency-following responses in normal-hearing adults and neonates
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2023
Fuh-Cherng Jeng, Tzu-Hao Lin, Breanna N. Hart, Karen Montgomery-Reagan, Kalyn McDonald
The scalp-recorded frequency-following response (FFR) is an electroencephalographic (EEG) measurement that has been widely used to evaluate how the human brain perceives and tracks changes in the fundamental frequency (F0) and its harmonics with periodic speech stimulations (Hart and Jeng 2021; Skoe and Kraus 2010). For example, the FFR has been utilised to investigate how pitch related information is processed in normal-hearing adults (Jeng et al. 2011; Jeng et al. 2018; Krishnan et al. 2004) and neonates (Jeng, Lin, and Wang 2016; Musacchia et al. 2020; Ribas-Prats et al. 2019; Van Dyke et al. 2017). The FFR is also useful in assessing pitch-processing deficits for people with dyslexia (Chandrasekaran et al. 2009; Hornickel and Kraus 2013), autism spectrum disorders (Font-Alaminos et al. 2020; Russo et al. 2008), and concussions (Kraus et al. 2017; Kraus et al. 2016; Rauterkus et al. 2021).
The development of auditory temporal processing during the first year of life
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2022
Laurianne Cabrera, Bonnie K. Lau
The maturation of phase locking in infancy has primarily been investigated using electrophysiological methods. The ability for a neuron to phase lock to a sound stimulus depends on synaptic efficiency and the myelination of nerve fibres. The frequency following response (FFR), a scalp-recorded evoked response that occurs at the same frequency of its stimulation tone, is thought to reflect phase locking in the auditory nerve and brainstem. The term FFR describes the response that encodes the TFS of a stimulus while the term envelope following response (EFR) describes the response that encodes the periodicity of the temporal envelope. Levi and colleagues [31] measured FFRs and EFRs in 1-month-olds and adults to investigate temporal coding. The stimuli they presented were amplitude modulated tones with carrier frequencies of 500, 1,000, or 2,000 Hz with a modulation depth of 100%. Infants were tested with a modulation frequency of 80 Hz while adults were tested with a modulation frequency of 40 and 80 Hz, as these were previously determined to be the best modulation frequency for each age group [32]. They found no difference between infant and adult FFR thresholds. Moreover, EFR thresholds at each group’s best modulation frequency were also the same at 500 and 1,000 Hz carrier frequencies. However, infant EFR thresholds were worse than adults for the highest carrier frequency, suggesting that although robust phase locking to both envelope and TFS is observed by 1 month of age, there are some age-related differences in EFRs depending on the carrier frequency and modulation frequency.
The frequency-following response as an assessment of spatial processing
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2019
Kelley Graydon, Bram Van Dun, Richard Dowell, Gary Rance
The frequency-following response (FFR) is an evoked potential that phase-locks to the stimulus with the capacity to represent the neural processing of a periodic sound such as speech (Aiken and Picton 2008). The FFR’s ability to maintain the integrity of target speech, even in the presence of noise (Du et al. 2011) indicates its potential to reflect binaural cue processing indicative of real-world listening (Wilson and Krishnan 2005). The response is predominantly generated from brainstem nuclei (Smith et al. 1975; Glaser et al. 1976), although there is evidence to suggest cortical contributions also (Coffey et al. 2016). According to lesion studies, the FFR’s primary site of origin is the inferior colliculus (IC) (Sohmer, Pratt, and Kinarti 1977), with ancillary contributions from the lateral lemniscus (LL) and cochlear nucleus (CN) (Chandrasekaran and Kraus 2010). Early binaural cue processing occurs at the level of the brainstem (Bushara et al. 1999), with animal studies able to demonstrate improved signal representation in response to binaural configurations at the level of the IC (Du et al. 2011). This binaural unmasking, which is necessary for improved signal detection in noise, has also been shown present in the human brainstem (i.e. the neural generators of the FFR) in response to interaural difference cues (Clark et al. 1995; Krishnan and McDaniel 1998; Ballachanda and Moushegian 2000).