Salter-Harris fractures – Knowledge and References

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Paper 3

Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020

Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw

The features describe a buckle or torus fracture which occurs due to compression injury, for example falling on an outstretched hand. In a greenstick fracture, there is a cortical break on one side of the bone; the cortex on the other side remains intact, this is an unstable fracture. A lead pipe fracture is characterised by a torus fracture on one side of the bone and a greenstick fracture on the other side of the bone. In a plastic bowing fracture, there is no discernible cortical compression or break; however the bone appears deformed or bent. A Salter-Harris fracture is a fracture of the physis, which is divided into types 1–5.

Musculoskeletal health considerations for the transgender athlete

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Journal Information

Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2022

Amy Birnbaum, Mara Karamitopoulos, Cordelia W. Carter

Physeal closure and biology are altered by hormone therapy, and as such, transgender individuals could be at increased risk for physeal injuries. Vlot et al. found that transgender adolescents initially taking Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs to suppress pubertal changes and then taking cross-sex hormonal therapy had a decrease in bone turnover markers, such as procollagen type 1 n-terminal propeptide and cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen [28]. If physeal closure is delayed by exogenous hormone therapy, Salter-Harris fractures can be seen at older ages (Figure 1).