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Assessment – Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam to Detect Micronutrient Deficiencies
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Bitot’s spots, which may be caused by vitamin A deficiency, appear as a white or gray spongy spot on the white of the eye (see Figure 7.2).2,4,5 Possible non-nutrient causes include pinguecula (a benign growth that develops on the eye, commonly found in the elderly), Gaucher disease (rare, inherited metabolic disorder) and pterygium (“Surfer’s eye”) which is a raised fleshy growth filled with blood vessels that originates in the conjunctiva and spreads over the cornea.4
Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Irene De Francesco, Sean Whittaker, Stephen L. Morris
The development of pre-malignant and malignant skin tumors will depend on the complementation group and the level of UV exposure that the patient is subjected to. Often, there are numerous actinic keratoses as well as cutaneous horns and kerato-acanthomas (KAs). Both SCCs and BCCs may appear from an early age.38,39 Melanomas occur in up to 5% of Caucasian xeroderma pigmentosum patients, but studies of patients in Libya and South Africa have not shown a greater incidence of MM in Libyans and black South Africans.38,39 The most common eye manifestation is photophobia with telangiectasia of the conjunctiva. There is gross hyperpigmentation of the eyelids, and severe ectropion can result from superficial ulceration of the skin around the eye. Scarring of the cornea and pinguecula-like growths may occur. Patients are particularly prone to SCC of the lip, and this has a particularly poor prognosis. Of xeroderma pigmentosum patients, 18% display progressive neurological abnormalities. The most severe are seen in group A patients, with mild disease seen in group D patients. This is caused by primary neuronal degeneration and loss. A mild clinical phenotype, XP variant, is recognized, which can be missed clinically but is usually associated with early onset of NMSC and marked photodamage.
Ophthalmological system (eyes)
Published in David Sales, Medical IELTS, 2020
Some will be concerned by the appearances of fatty deposits/blisters on the visible white of the eye (pinguecula), which really have no pathological consequence as opposed to the potentially more serious pterygium (fold of tissue that may encroach on the cornea and affect vision).
The ocular health and visual function status of sewing professionals of garment factories of Kathmandu Valley
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2021
Sadhana Sharma, Ranju Kharel Sitaula, Sanjeeb Mishra, Gulshan Bdr Shrestha, Anand Kumar Sharma
Out of 305 participants, 41.80% of the subjects had anterior segment disorders with meibomitis (24.26%) being most prevalent followed by pinguecula. The pattern of ocular disorders found in our study is relatively similar to the study in Nigeria where 66% of the workers had ocular disorder (Omoti et al., 2009). A Study in industrial mine workers reported similar findings with pterygium/pingueculae (25.8%) being most prevalent and cataract (7.4%) being least (Ovenseri-Ogbomo et al., 2012). Whereas morbidity pattern in the leather industry in Chennai revealed 6.5% with ocular problems which are similar to a study conducted on female garment workers in Bangladesh where workers manifested fewer eye problems as compared to other morbidities (Ay, R. Ud, J. K., 2014)(Dergisi & Sciences, 2014) (Chiemeke et al., 2007). This difference could be because of the nature of the work involved. The working environment was not well supported with lights and ventilation making it riskier to perform near visual tasks The presence of ocular surface disorders could be because of the unhygienic environment, exposure to chemicals, bleaching agents, and dust coming from cutting and sewing fabrics.
Ultraviolet radiation and incidence of cataracts in a nationwide US cohort
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2018
Arash Delavar, D. Michal Freedman, Raquel Velazquez-Kronen, Mark P. Little, Cari M. Kitahara, Bruce H. Alexander, Martha S. Linet, Elizabeth K. Cahoon
In human populations, the association between cataract development and typical UVR exposures, such as those received from sunlight, has been less clear.31,32 Surrogates of UVR exposure in epidemiologic studies have included ambient UVR based on location of residence, self-reported time spent outdoors (occupational and leisure), sun protection (use of hats and sunglasses), and medical conditions believed to be related to UVR (e.g., pterygium, pinguecula, skin cancers, and sunburns). Most studies have found an increased risk of cataract associated with at least one measure of UVR, but earlier investigations were case-control or cross-sectional studies and many reported inconsistent findings for different metrics within a study (Table 1). Several studies have found either a decreased cataract risk20,21 or reported no UVR-related risk of cataracts.18
Pterygium in Uganda: A hospital-based study
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2020
Erima Denis, Ayebare Pauline, Zalwango Charity, Mwanja Pius, Ntende Jacob, C. Ateenyi Agaba
The impact of UV radiation on the limbus and conjunctiva that consequently leads to development of pterygium is cumulative and WHO estimates that approximately 80% of a person’s lifetime exposure occurs before the age of 18 years. (Lucas et al., 2006) Ooi et al. added evidence to this by identifying ocular Fluorescein photographic changes in children suggestive of solar keratosis and early stages of pingueculum development. (Ooi et al., 2006) Typically, these are periods when many potentially protective behavioural mechanisms are nearly impossible to implement or sustain.