China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
A Clinical Approach to Abnormal Eye Movements
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Latent nystagmus, which also appears very early in life, refers to nystagmus induced by covering one eye (Video 18.13). The nystagmus takes the form of jerk nystagmus with the fast component in the direction of the uncovered eye and the slow phase of the viewing eye beating toward the nose. Therefore, it will alternate directions depending on which eye is covered. It may be associated with congenital esotropia, dissociated vertical deviation (where the eye under the cover deviates upward), or congenital nystagmus.
Head and neck
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
Pseudoptosis is the appearance of ptosis rather than true ptosis (i.e. droopy upper lid); for example, Globe displacement, e.g. with enophthalmos.Mechanical lid displacement, e.g. inflammation, oedema.Dermatochalasis (excess redundant skin).Contralateral lid retraction, e.g. thyroid eye/Grave’s disease.Hypertropia; visual axis is higher than the fixating eye; dissociated vertical deviation.Blepharochalasis – rare condition in young, with recurrent lid oedema and subsequent stretching.Duane syndrome – absent/hypoplastic abducens nerve, and the lateral rectus is innervated by the oculomotor nerve, which leads to limitation of abduction and sometimes adduction. There may also be fibrosis of the attachments of the extraocular muscles. The globe tends to retract into the orbit.Blepharospasm.
How to master MCQs
Published in Chung Nen Chua, Li Wern Voon, Siddhartha Goel, Ophthalmology Fact Fixer, 2017
The cover test is used to detect tropia, whereas the alternating cover/uncover test detects both tropia and phoria. Abnormal retinal correspondence and eccentric fixation cannot be detected with a cover test. Dissociated vertical deviation shows an upward movement of the eye when it is covered.
Evaluation and Management of Symptomatic Vertical Strabismus and Diplopia
Published in Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, 2022
Joseph W. Fong, Laurie A. Hahn-Parrott, R. Michael Siatkowski
The ability to fuse with prism correction is unfortunately not particularly helpful in elucidating the etiology of vertical strabismus. The presence of bifoveation with prism correction matching the patient’s objective angle of deviation indicates that there was good alignment in the critical period of visual development, but the etiology of the chief complaint at hand may still be a truly acquired process or decompensation of a long-standing misalignment. An example of this is a decompensated congenital versus an acquired superior oblique palsy. Conversely, if the patient is unable to fuse with prism correction, this may or may not represent misalignment in the critical period but does not adequately rule out the possibility of an acquired condition such as myasthenia gravis superimposed on a congenital condition, e.g., dissociated vertical deviation or oblique dysfunction from long-standing horizontal strabismus. Additionally, an inability to fuse with prism correction may be due to uncorrected cyclotropia, which is often associated with vertical strabismus.
Periventricular leukomalacia mimicking normal-tension glaucoma: a case report
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Zeynep Kayaarasi Ozturker, Serpil Akar
On orthoptic evaluation with glasses, the patient had 10 prism dioptres esotropia at distance and 5 prism dioptres dissociated vertical deviation in the right eye and 10 prism dioptres dissociated vertical deviation in the left eye at distance. Her best-corrected visual acuity, with spectacle correction of +1.25/-1.25 X 25 in the right eye and +4.25/-4.50 X 180 in the left eye, was 6/6 in each eye. Upon detection of bilateral large optic disc cupping, the patient was referred to the glaucoma unit for a detailed evaluation. In slitlamp examination, the cornea was transparent, and the anterior chamber was normal. Intraocular pressure with Goldmann applanation tonometer was 16 mmHg in each eye. Pachymetry showed normal corneal thickness of 560 microns on the right and 577 microns on the left eye. Gonioscopic examination showed bilateral grade 3 to 4 open angles with two positive pigmentation without peripheral anterior synechia. Examination of the fundus revealed a vertical cup-disc ratio of 0.75 in the right eye, and 0.70 in the left eye (Figure 1A). No optic disc pallor was present. In 30-2 SITA Standard visual field test, there were bilateral homonymous defects in the lower quadrants that respect the horizontal midline (Figure 1B). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed bilateral superior retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thinning. Among the disc parameters, optic disc area was 2.07 mm2 on the right eye and 1.85 mm2 on the left eye. Macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) analysis showed correlated thinning of the ganglion cell layer, most pronounced in the left eye (Figure 1C).
Preoperative Predictors for Esodeviation and Exodeviation after Cataract Surgery in Children
Published in Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, 2021
Rupal H. Trivedi, M. Edward Wilson
In children without cataract, Kvaranstrom and colleagues15 reported that 19/22 strabismic infants younger than one year were esotropic, while only 2/22 were exotropic. In older children, exotropia was relatively more common with 28 having esotropia, and 16 having exotropia. Weisberg and colleagues3 reported that in pediatric pseudophakic eyes, exotropia was more common than esotropia (46% vs 41%), with the remaining 14% having combined horizontal and vertical strabismus. Age at cataract extraction in 37 children with strabismus was 5.7 years in this series.3 Zubcov and colleagues reported strabismus in 14 of 31 (45%) of children following primary IOL implantation (age: 6.9 years). Strabismus was observed in 14/31 (45%) children. Exotropia was observed more frequently than esotropia.16 Hosal and colleagues reported the outcomes of children who had monocular cataracts removed before 8 years of age. Fourteen patients had esotropia, 16 patients had exotropia and 3 patients had dissociated vertical deviation.17