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Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Direct carcinogens are alkyl imine (ethylene imino-), alkylene epoxides (1,2,3,4-butadiene epoxide), small-ring lactenes (β-propiolactone), propane sultone, sulfate esters (dimethyl sulfate, methyl methanesulfonate, 1,4-butacaine dimethanesulfonate [Myleran]), mustards (bis[2-chloroethyl] sulfide mustard gas, Yperite), bis(2-chloroethyl)amine (nor-nitrogen mustard RKH, nitrogen mustard RKCH3), cyclophosphamide (cytoxin), 2-naphthylamine mustard (chlornaphazine), triethylenemelamine chloride, methyl iodide, dimethylcarbamyl chloride, PAHs (anthracene, benzopyrene), aromatic amines (aniline, toluidine, o-anisidine, p-cresidine, phenacetin). Quinolones and aza are nitranologues of carcinogenic aromatic urethane, ethionine, formaldehyde, hexamethyl phosphoramide, carbamates, and halogenated hydrocarbons. Inorganics include uranium, polonium, radium, radon gas, titanium, nickel chromium under special conditions, cobalt, lead, manganese, beryllium, selenium, and arsenic.
Moxetumomab pasudotox for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2019
Agnieszka Janus, Tadeusz Robak
For many years, the treatment of HCL was limited to splenic radiotherapy, splenectomy, steroids, nitrogen mustard and triethylenemelamine [9]; however, great progress has since been made in its biology and management. The golden era for HCL treatment began in 1984 with the introduction of interferon-alpha. A team from MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, reported hematologic remissions in seven patients treated for the first time with interferon alpha (INF-α) [10]. Subsequently, a long-term follow-up report was published by Rai et al., in which 73% of the patients obtained objective response (OR), with a median time to response of 8.3 months. Five years after the end of INF-α treatment, 28% of the patients remained in hematologic remission and 83% were still alive. Despite the high OR rate, only a minority of patients achieved a complete response (CR) and there was a continual trend to relapse [11]. Grever et al. published a large randomized study with 159 eligible patients randomized to INF-α as front-line therapy to compare the effects of INF-α and pentostatin. The CR rate was found to be 11%; however, many of the patients who responded with CR to INF-α relapsed within 9 to 27 months [12].