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Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Robert D. Morgan, Andrew R. Clamp, Gordon C. Jayson
Epidemiological studies have suggested that the risk of ovarian cancer is associated with ovulation, in that early onset of menarche and late menopause are associated with a slightly higher risk of ovarian cancer, whereas pregnancy, the contraceptive pill,4 and tubal ligation5 reduce risk. Nulliparity and infertility are associated with increased risk. There is an increased risk of developing borderline ovarian tumors in women who undergo in vitro fertilization treatment.6 There is also evidence that prolonged use of hormone replacement therapy is associated with a small increased risk of ovarian cancer.7
Long-Term Effects of Perinatal Treatment with Sex Steroids and Related Substances on Reproductive Organs of Female Mice
Published in Takao Mori, Hiroshi Nagasawa, Toxicity of Hormones in Perinatal Life, 2020
John-Gunnar Forsberg, Taisen Iguchi
It is postulated that the development of medullary tubule-like structures in the interstitial tissue of the ovaries of aged DES-exposed mice may be an outcome of the direct effect of DES on ovarian development.91 In contrast, signs of ovarian aging, e.g., a decrease in responsiveness to circulating gonadotropins, occur later in neonatally estrogen-treated mice than in the normal intact controls.101 These may be less direct effects of neonatal estrogen treatment on the ovaries. Ovarian tumors, e.g., granulosa cell tumors, are frequently encountered in aged mice perinatally exposed to estrogens (Figure 10).3, 24, 31 It has not yet been determined whether the ovarian tumorigenesis results from the abnormal endocrine environment caused by hypothalamic lesions or by direct effects of estrogen given neonatally on the ovaries. Incidence of ovarian tumors in DES-exposed women should be studied and compared to that encountered in unexposed women.
Cancer of the Ovary
Published in Jennifer L. Kelsey, Nancy G. Hildreth, Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Epidemiology, 2019
Jennifer L. Kelsey, Nancy G. Hildreth
Most malignant ovarian tumors are epithelial tumors, germ cell tumors, or sex cord stromal tumors (also called sex cord-mesenchyme tumors). Table 2, compiled from data collected in the Third National Cancer Survey (1969 to 1971), shows annual incidence rates for these main histologic types of ovarian cancers.8 The epithelial tumors account for almost 90% of ovarian cancers in white women and 80% in black women. Since there are definite biological differences (including appearance, prognosis, manner of spread, laterality, and response to therapy) among these three groups of ovarian cancers as well as within the various categories of epithelial tumors,5 it would be desirable for epidemiologic studies to consider these various subtypes of ovarian tumors separately. Unfortunately, this has generally not been done, probably because of the relatively low incidence of tumors in any one subgroup. Almost all studies to date have either considered all malignant ovarian tumors together or been restricted to epithelial tumors as a group. However, when epidemiologic characteristics associated with individual types have been described, this will be indicated.
The expression and mutation of BRCA1/2 genes in ovarian cancer: a global systematic study
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Dinh-Toi Chu, Mai Vu Ngoc Suong, Hue Vu Thi, Thuy-Duong Vu, Manh-Hung Nguyen, Vijai Singh
There are three types of OC corresponding to three types of cells developing tumors: epithelial tumor, germ cell tumor, and stromal tumor. Among them, epithelial cancer is the most prevalent type [1]. The symptoms of OC are not apparent when being diagnosed at an early stage. However, when the tumor becomes malignant, some symptoms can be noticeable, including pain or swelling in the abdomen or pelvic area, appetite loss, and gastrointestinal issues, bloating, or constipation [5]. Among several factors raising the risk of OC in women, family history and genetic syndrome are the most common risk factors of OC [6] since over 20% of ovarian tumors are associated with genetic mutations [7]. Other factors related to OC include herbicides, pesticides, talc, smoking, ovarian stimulation therapy, hormone replacement therapy, menopause, and oral contraceptives [8]. Like other types of cancer, ovarian tumors can be removed by surgery, but it is only effective when cancer is benign [9]. When it reaches a higher level of malignancy, chemotherapy is recommended [10]. Recently, the role of stem cells in the success of OC treatment has been discovered, as OC stem cells affect such disease manifestations, progression, recurrence, and treatment output [11].
Long-Term Glucose Restriction with or without β-Hydroxybutyrate Enrichment Distinctively Alters Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Signalings in Ovarian Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Hossein Ghahremani, Saeedeh Nabati, Hanieh Tahmori, Tahmineh Peirouvi, Majid Sirati-Sabet, Siamak Salami
Despite the worldwide war on cancer, it remains a serious threat to health, particularly in Western countries and the incidence of cancer is increasing in the decades ahead, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. Death from cancer is more than all coronary heart disease or all deaths from strokes (1). Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer and the eighth killer cancer in women. The highest incidence of this disease is reported from developed countries (2). There are direct associations of ovarian cancer risk with height and BMI, as well as possible relations with selected dietary factors and a possible inverse association with physical activity (3). Epithelial ovarian, germ cell and sex cord/stromal tumors are the major types of ovarian cancer, but epithelial ovarian tumors typically constitute 80–90% of ovarian malignancies. As most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, the prognosis is poor, with 5‐year survival rates of less than 40%, and annually more than 100000 women are estimated to die from the disease (4).
Diagnostic Accuracy of Intraoperative Frozen Section Analysis in Correlation with Histopathological Diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors in a Tertiary Care Center – A Retrospective Study
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2021
AC Senthil Kumar, Vimal Chander, Jayaganesh Parthasarathy
Diagnosis of Ovarian tumors is made by a combination of clinical and radiological findings, tumour markers, cytological and histopathological examination (2). Early ovarian tumors are difficult to diagnose clinically and in the absence of extraovarian disease, a pre-operative diagnosis remains elusive. It is prudent to note that 50% of early ovarian tumors may have normal serum CA-125 levels. Serum CA-125 levels are usually normal in mucinous tumors. Non epithelial tumors will also have normal marker levels. Benign tumors like fibrothecoma can present with ascites and may confuse the clinicians. Surface epithelial tumors of the ovary are categorized as benign, borderline and malignant based on the presence or absence of atypia, pseudostratification, mitotic count, structural complexities and stromal invasion. For benign ovarian tumors, cystectomy can be done, but for borderline and malignant tumors, optimal staging is recommended, which includes total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salphingo-oophorectomy, removal of omentum, peritoneal biopsies and peritoneal fluid cytology along with pelvic and para-aortic lymph node sampling (3,4).