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Targeting Subgroup-specific Cancer Epitopes for Effective Treatment of Pediatric Medulloblastoma
Published in Surinder K. Batra, Moorthy P. Ponnusamy, Gene Regulation and Therapeutics for Cancer, 2021
Sidharth Mahapatra, Naveenkumar Perumall
While noteworthy advancements have been made in the generation of targeted therapeutics for WNT and SHH medulloblastoma subgroups, facilitating the translation of bench successes to the bedside, the same does not hold true for non-SHH/WNT medulloblastoma. Groups 3 and 4 medulloblastoma together constitute the most frequently-occurring subgroups of medulloblastoma (cumulative overall incidence 55-60%) [2, 34, 64, 76]. More specifically, Group 3 MB occurs exclusively in children, with highest incidence in the infant age group, i.e. under three years of age. A high prevalence of metastases at diagnosis (40%) coupled with the large cell/anaplastic histology gives this subgroup a particularly dismal prognosis (survival<50%) [2, 34, 65, 76]. Group 4 MB, on the other hand, is not exclusive to children, presenting with classic histologic features, and possessing an intermediate prognosis [2, 34, 65, 76]. Other high-risk features of these tumors include cytogenetic aberrations, including isochromosome 17q (i17q), MYC amplification and ERBB2 overexpression [2, 34, 67-70, 77]. Furthermore, the absence of a clear trigger, signal transduction pathway, or pathophysiologic mechanism underlying phenotypic transformation has made it difficult to identify mechanism-specific therapeutic options that may be explored to abrogate tumor growth. The dearth of good pre-clinical in vivo models has further impeded progress in the generation of targeted therapeutics for groups 3 and 4 MB. That said, pathways for further study have been identified and have shown some success in vitro.
The Lung and the Pleura
Published in E. George Elias, CRC Handbook of Surgical Oncology, 2020
Undifferentiated large cell carcinoma of the lung is somewhat similar to adenocarcinoma of the lungs. These tumors are usually peripherally located and invade the bronchi secondarily as they grow. These tumors, as well as the adenocarcinoma, share a common precursor which is a scar of a previous inflammatory process in the lung. At one time, they were considered as adenocarcinomas. Cytological examination of the sputum can be confused with adenocarcinoma of the lung. However, these tumors reach a large size before they metastasize.
The Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas and Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Published in Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass, Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
Lynne V. Abruzzo, L. Jeffrey Medeiros
Angiocentric lymphomas have a propensity to involve extranodal sites, most commonly the lung, nasal cavity, and upper respiratory tract. Skin, kidney, and central nervous system are less commonly involved. Lymph node involvement is uncommon. Patient survival is inversely proportional to the number of large lymphoid cells present. However, patients whose lesions contain numerous large cells more often respond to combination chemotherapy. Angiocentric lymphomas are often associated with a hemophagocytic syndrome, characterized clinically by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and laboratory evidence of hemolysis.
Absence of CD74 Isoform at 41kDa Prevents the Heterotypic Associations between CD74 and CD44 in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma-derived Cells
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2021
Waleed Al Abdulmonem, Zafar Rasheed, Abdullah S. M. Aljohani, Ola M. Omran, Naila Rasheed, Abdullah Alkhamiss, Abdulaziz A. M. Al Salloom, Fahad Alhumaydhi, Mohamd A. Alblihed, Hussain Al Ssadh, Muhammad Ismail Khan, Nelson Fernández
Worldwide, bronchogenic carcinoma was reported to be the most prevalent malignancy-related death with approximately 1.8 million deaths and about 2.1 million new cases were usually reported on yearly basis (Bray et al. 2018; Duma et al. 2019). Patients with lung carcinomas were divided into two main types: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and among them more than 85% cases were reported from NSCLC, which were further subdivided histopathologically into three main subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma (LCC) (Govindan et al. 2006). Among all lung carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, a cancer that arises from the glandular cells has now becomes the most commonest types that found in every population in all over the globe but its prevalence rate was much higher in smokers (Klebe et al. 2019). Despite of the availability of modern molecular approaches that determine the hallmarks of any cancer types through altered effects of gene expression, proteomic diversity, protein-protein interaction, cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion, and migration but the determination of the hallmarks for lung carcinomas are still far behind and remain to be completely explored.
Core needle biopsy is an inferior tool for diagnosing cervical lymphoma compared to lymph node excision
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2021
Rasmus Krarup Sigaard, Kasper Wennervaldt, Lars Munksgaard, Lise Mette Rahbek Gjerdrum, Preben Homøe
We had a total of nine patients with follicular lymphoma (FL). The CNB revealed the correct lymphoma grade in two and different grades in five. There would not be a clinically relevant consequence in three of these, as the treatment of grades 1–3A principally is the same for stage III-IV, in both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. In the last two cases, the difference in diagnosis (FL 3 vs. FL 3B) would result in the patient possibly not receiving the optimal therapy, as FL grade 3B is treated as a DLBCL. In situations dealing with FL grades 1–3A, one could argue that treatment of FL follows the same guidelines and this would suffice in daily clinical practice, however, FL can be heterogeneous and grade 3B or transformation to DLBCL can be found elsewhere in the remaining LN [20]. To this end, in clinical practice, a suspicion of high-grade lymphoma or transformation by PET-CT evaluation would result in the removal of a whole LN or a re-biopsy. We have included the three cases of different grades (grades 1 to 3 A) as correct. If these cases were to be defined as the diverging diagnosis, it would result in a sensitivity of CNB for diagnosing lymphoma of 59% (26/44 cases). In addition, suspicion of transformation to a large cell lymphoma from a low-grade lymphoma can be suspected from PET-CT imaging and clinical presentation. Partial involvement of a transformed lymphoma can be seen and a CNB might not be the correct approach in this scenario.
Impact of pathological tumor response after CROSS neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery on long-term outcome of esophageal cancer: a population-based study
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2021
Ali Al-Kaabi, Rachel S. van der Post, Leonie R. van der Werf, Bas P. L. Wijnhoven, Camiel Rosman, Maarten C. C. M. Hulshof, Hanneke W. M. van Laarhoven, Rob H. A. Verhoeven, Peter D. Siersema
All patients with potentially curable cancer (cT1b-4N0-3M0) of the esophagus or cardia (C15.0-C16.0) diagnosed in the period 2009–2017 and who were treated with trimodality treatment were identified in the NCR. Only patients with adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma were selected. If pathological tumor response could not be determined based on PALGA records, patients were excluded from analysis (N = 6). Pretreatment clinical staging in the Netherlands typically consists of endoscopy with diagnostic biopsies, computer tomography (CT) of the neck, thorax, and abdomen or integrated positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT). When indicated and available endoscopic ultrasound and ultrasound of the neck were performed. For uniformity, TNM-staging was recorded according to the 7th edition of the Union for International Cancer Control. For patients diagnosed during 2015–2017 more detailed information on administered chemotherapy and radiotherapy was available.