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Internet Pornography: Addiction or Sexual Dysfunction?
Published in Philipa A Brough, Margaret Denman, Introduction to Psychosexual Medicine, 2019
This dopaminergic system is modulated by various neurotransmitter systems, including cholinergic, opioid, cannabinoid, GABAergic (main inhibitory mediation) and glutamatergic (main excitatory mediation). The route travelled backwards and forwards is known as the mesocorticolimbic pathway or reward-motivation pathway. Activation of this dopamine system mediates the rewarding effect not only of drug but also of non-drug or behavioural stimuli (10). There are many other additional contributing factors, and particularly of interest is the transcription factor deltaFosB, a Fos family protein, which can be thought of as the ‘molecular switch’ for addiction in its role as mediator of reward memory. Its presence and behaviour appear to be genetically determined, suggesting genetic susceptibility to addictive behaviour. It is known to accumulate in the nucleus accumbens following induction by chronic as opposed to acute exposure to drugs of abuse. It has also been shown to accumulate in the same area following chronic overconsumption of natural rewards, demonstrably running and sucrose drinking (consuming sugary drinks). This causes a state of sensitisation and increased incentive drive for the reward (11).
Genetics of Endocrine Tumours
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Waseem Ahmed, Prata Upasna, Dae Kim
The c-Myc proto-oncogene encodes a nuclear protein that binds to DNA and acts as a transcriptional factor for genes involved in growth and differentiation. c-Fos is an immediate/early gene that regulates the expression of specific target genes by binding to their regulatory sequence of DNA. Aberrant activation of this transcriptional regulator has been demonstrated in thyroid tumours.17
Proto-Oncogene and Onco-Suppressor Gene Expression
Published in Enrique Pimentel, Handbook of Growth Factors, 2017
The c-fos gene may participate, in association with other genes, in regulatory events related to the expression of cellular differentiation.642-644 Studies on different types of systems (fetal membranes and placenta, bone marrow, fetal liver, differentiated macrophages) suggest a correlation between c-fos expression and cell differentiation.645-647 Expression of c-fos may be related to epithelial cell differentiation, specifically in relation to the process of cornification and cell death during keratinization.648
Multiple brain regions are involved in reaction to acute restraint stress in CYLD-knockout mice
Published in Stress, 2023
Yuan-Yuan Han, Jian-Wen Zhou, Zhi-Wei Guo, Zhuo-Qing Wu, Zai-Yong Zhang, De-xiang Liu, Cheng Long
In this study, we explored the impact of environmental challenges on Cyld−/− mice by evaluating whether and how CYLD-knockout mice respond to the acute challenge posed by a single episode of ARS. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test was employed to assess anxious behavior in CYLD-knockout mice following ARS. We also used c-Fos immunochemical staining to characterize activated brain areas in CYLD-knockout mice after ARS. It is upregulated soon after a stimulus is delivered, so c-Fos is known as an early response gene and shows activity-dependent expression; consequently, it has been widely used to identify stimulation-induced neuronal activation (Bullitt, 1990). Our data highlight several new brain regions for studying the role of CYLD in the central nervous system.
Sucrose drinking mimics effects of nucleus accumbens µ-opioid receptor stimulation on fat intake and brain c-Fos-expression
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
L.L. Koekkoek, A. Masís-Vargas, T. Kool, L. Eggels, L.L. van der Gun, K. Lamuadni, M. Slomp, C. Diepenbroek, A. Kalsbeek, S.E. la Fleur
To further unravel the neural network involved in the altered fat intake that we observe after DAMGO infusion and sucrose intake, we measured c-Fos in multiple brain areas. c-Fos is an immediate-early gene and is typically used as a proxy for neuronal activity [27]. However, activation of the μ-opioid receptor also has a direct effect on the transcription of the c-Fos gene, causing an increase in c-Fos-expression [28]. Especially considering the known inhibitory effect opioids have on neuronal activity [29,30], an increased number of c-Fos-positive cells in the NAC is more likely a reflection of μ-opioid receptor activation. The increased number of c-Fos-positive cells in the fcHF W DAMGO and fcHF S vehicle group, therefore, supports the hypothesis that DAMGO and sucrose drinking (through the release of endogenous opioids) both cause μ-opioid receptor activation in the NAC. Interestingly, comparable to the fat intake results, DAMGO seems to have opposite effects in the sucrose drinking group, as there was a smaller and insignificant increase in c-Fos-positive cells compared to the fcHF W vehicle group. How endogenous opioids released after sucrose drinking and DAMGO interact in the NAC will have to be determined in future experiments.
c-Fos is upregulated in the genital tubercle of DEHP-induced hypospadiac rats and the prepuce of patients with hypospadias
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2021
Han Xiang, Shao Wang, Xiaoyan Kong, Yihang Yu, Lianju shen, Chunlan Long, Xing Liu, Guang-Hui Wei
The proto-oncogene c-Fos (Piechaczyk and Blanchard 1994) is involved in the regulation of numerous genes that control growth and differentiation in many tissues (Barrett et al. 2017). c-Fos functions largely to promote growth, cell survival, oncogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis (Zhang et al. 2007). The c-Fos protein regulates gene expression as part of a dimeric AP-1 complex, typically with a member of the c-Jun family of transcription factors. Of note, c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2 has been reported to be upregulated in patients with hypospadias and thus might play a role in the development of external male genitalia defects (Li et al. 2013). The evidence described above suggests that c-Fos might play a role in the etiology of hypospadias. Thus, we sought to verify the changes in c-Fos in hypospadiac patients.