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Cancer Biomarkers
Published in Trevor F. Cox, Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
noting the model has been fitted to mean-corrected data. We see that B increases, and hence survival worsens, as any of , AFP, L3 and increase, and as alb decreases. Harrell's c is equal to 0.76.
Serum biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2018
Sreelakshmi Kotha, ShuetFong Neong, Keyur Patel
AFP-L3 is a glycoform of AFP with increased affinity to Lens culinaris agglutinin. High levels of AFP-L3 are secreted in early stages of HCC and thus can be used instead of conventional AFP to identify and monitor early HCC [108,109]. The sensitivity of AFP-L3 correlates to the size of the tumor [110]. Numerous studies have shown the potential diagnostic utility of AFP-L3, but these studies were heterogeneous and used variable cutoffs, patient numbers, and test methods. Large cohort studies with standardized methods are needed to further validate this marker
Mass spectrometry analysis of glycoprotein biomarkers in human blood of hepatocellular carcinoma
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Kwang Hoe Kim, Jin Young Kim, Jong Shin Yoo
AFP is a glycoprotein with a single N-glycosylation site. Many researchers have reported that aberrant glycosylation or the change of glycosylation level in proteins are associated with cancer development and metastasis. Fucosylated AFP has been targeted as a clinical diagnostic marker of HCC. The lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) lectin affinity method is widely used to quantify fucosylated AFP; the level of LCA lectin specific fucosylated AFP (AFP-L3) is elevated in patients with HCC [14,15]. Patients with an AFP-L3 level of >10% are at greater risk of HCC [16–18]. Also, AFP-L3 is a biomarker of early HCC and showed higher diagnostic specificity than a conventional assay of the serum AFP level [19]. Prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence II (PIVKA II) is elevated in patients with HCC [16]. In malignant cells, vitamin K-dependent carboxylase can be damaged by defective post-translational carboxylation of prothrombin [20–22]. Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) promotes malignant transformation to HCC [23–25]. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a glypican-family heparin sulfate proteoglycan [26] involved in cell growth, division, and proliferation. GPC3 is upregulated in approximately 50% of patients with HCC in tumor tissue [27,28]. GPC3 has diagnostic potential for the detection of HCC [29]. Golgi protein-73 (GP73) is a Golgi-related phosphoprotein produced in epithelial cells. The serum GP73 level is high in patients with liver diseases, including HCC [30]. Thus, GP73 is a candidate serum biomarker for early diagnosis of HCC [31]. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase protein that is a receptor for the epidermal growth factors (EGFs). The EGFR level is aberrantly increased in patients with HCC in tissue samples [32], and the EGFR pathway is important in cell proliferation, migration, and survival. EGFR is detected in 40–70% of patients with HCC [32,33]. Osteopontin (OPN) is an extracellular protein with various biological functions in tumorigenesis [34]. OPN has potential as a biomarker of HCC because it is upregulated in the plasma of patients with HCC compared to those with cirrhosis [35].
A meta-analysis and of clinical values of 11 blood biomarkers, such as AFP, DCP, and GP73 for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Bing-yao Pang, Yan Leng, Xiaoli Wang, Yi-qiang Wang, Li-hong Jiang
Recently, many new biomarkers attracted public attention, such as AFP-L3, DCP, DKKI, GP73, and so on. Alpha-fetoprotein-L3(AFP-L3), as a heterogeneous body of AFP, mainly comes from HCC cells. Des-γ-carboxyprothrombin (DCP), also known as protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKAII), can appear in the serum of patients with vitamin K absence or HCC [4]. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is a secretory glycoprotein that inhibits Wnt signalling pathway by binding to Wnt receptor LRP5/6 [5]. Wnt signalling pathway is an important mechanism for the occurrence and development of HCC and other tumours. Golgi protein 73 (GP73), a type II transmembrane glycoprotein resident in golgi apparatus, is expressed in a small amount in normal liver while it can be specifically expressed, especially around connective tissue and cirrhotic nodules, when liver diseases, such as HCC occur [6]. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a heparan sulphate glycoprotein on the surface of cell membrane, which is a specific antigen related to HCC [7]. Osteopontin (OPN) is a kind of protein, widely distributed in a variety of tissues and cells. It can participate in tissue repair, self-metabolism, and other functions. The expression level of OPN is closely related to the clinicopathological features of HCC, such as envelope infiltration, vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage [8,9]. A-L-fucosidase (AFU) is an acidic hydrolase, which is mainly involved in the catabolism of macromolecular substances containing fucosyl, such as glycolipids, glycoproteins, mucopolysaccharides. Junna reported the over expression of AFU in the serum of patients with primary HCC, suggesting that AFU might be a potential marker for the early diagnosis of HCC [10]. Carbohydrate antigen199 (CA199), glycolipid on cell membrane is a kind of glycoprotein antigen that can recognize tumour specific macromolecules [11,12]. Heat shock protein 90alpha (Hsp90alpha) is a multifunctional molecular chaperone, which is widely involved in physiological activities, such as cell signal transduction, hormone response, and transcriptional regulation, maintaining the normal physiological function of cells [13]. Hsp90alpha keeps silent in normal cells while active in tumour cells. Midkine (MDK) is a secretory cytokine, which can participate in the occurrence and development of malignant tumours by promoting division, promoting angiogenesis, and antiapoptosis [14,15]. In recent years, there were more and more studies on the diagnostic value of the above biomarkers for HCC, so which biomarker had a better diagnostic value?