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Hydrocarbons*
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Petroleum distillates have far greater toxic effects when they are aspirated into the tracheobronchial tree than when they are merely ingested: ingestion of 500–1000 ml may produce only minor symptoms, but aspiration of as little as 1 ml can result in overwhelming chemical pneumonitis. The exposure limit for non-aromatic petroleum distillates (petroleum naphtha) is 500 ppm; for gasoline, 300 ppm; for mineral oil mist, 5 mg/m3; and for rubber solvent naphtha, 400 ppm. The presence of benzene increases the toxicity (see p. 231). The exposure limit for Stoddard solvent, which contains aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and derivatives), is 100 ppm. The exposure limit for ligroin, which contains aromatic hydrocarbons other than benzene, is 300 ppm. Pesticides, camphor, metals, or halogenated compounds dissolved in petroleum distillates also increase their toxicity.
Extensive high-pressure injection injury of the hand due to epoxy resin paint: a case report
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Gaku Niitsuma, Hidechika Nakashima, Takushi Nagai, Kenichirou Teramoto, Keikichi Kawasaki, Katsunori Inagaki
The components of epoxy resin paint include a large number of carcinogens, such as toluene (18%); phenol, 4-dodecyl-, branched (9%); xylene (9%); 2-propanol (9%); ethylbenzene (9%); isobutanol (9%); solvent naphtha (petroleum), light arom (0.9%); and Stoddard solvent (0.9%) [9]. Epoxy resin paint has skin corrosive/irritant properties and reproductive toxicity. Remnants could cause cancer due to the presence of toluene and xylene [9]. The physical characteristics of epoxy resin paint include hardening at room temperature. Additionally, it has excellent water- and salt-resistant properties and is often used for painting ships and reinforcing cracks. The fluid cures in 12–24 h and volatilizes toxic substances when it hardens (volatile toxicity), which ends once curing ceases. There is an anticaking agent that is available, but it is tissue-toxic, and its application to tissue during surgery is prohibited [9]. Based on the above characteristics, the best treatment in such cases is to remove the paint before it hardens completely. Thus, we decided to perform a thorough debridement.