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Animal Tuberculosis
Published in Lloyd N. Friedman, Martin Dedicoat, Peter D. O. Davies, Clinical Tuberculosis, 2020
Badgers are an important reservoir and maintenance host for M. bovis in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland and there are areas where the disease is endemic in the badger population.20 A greater number of male badgers are infected than female badgers, likely due to the males increased roaming behavior and tendency toward aggression allowing transmission of the disease via bite wounds. However, the majority of infections appear to be via the respiratory route, with open submandibular abscesses often being the first clinical sign noted. The communal social structure of the badger population, with social grooming and sleeping in groups, provides an excellent environment in which M. bovis can be spread. A large proportion of infected badgers will survive for more than 12 months after the initial infection, and mortality induced by M. bovis infection appears to have only a small part to play in badger population numbers.
All Together Now
Published in R. Andrew Chambers, The 2 × 4 Model, 2017
Monitoring team process and professional group health- The team meeting is also an important venue for the addiction psychiatrist and other team leaders to monitor morale and the healthiness of communication patterns, collaborations, and other dynamics. Treating dual diagnosis patients and dealing with the social barriers and challenges they face, can be very hard and emotionally taxing work. The ripple effects of extremely sick patients and the social problems they live in, can radiate through the team to cause burnout, conflict, and other stress responses that degrade excellence in care provision and prevent the work from being as gratifying and fun as it should be. It is the job of the addiction psychiatrist and other team leaders to monitor for these problems as they arise and to address them over time. Essentially, the addiction psychiatrist should be mindful to take care of the team in parallel to their work in taking care of the patients. Maintaining good humor and collegiality in the team meeting is of course fundamental in this effort. But other approaches such as hosting organized team retreats to discuss team dynamics, and to increase interpersonal familiarity among team members can be important tactics. ‘Social grooming’ segments (e.g., celebrating a team member’s birthday or new baby with a luncheon) during or outside the team meeting are important. As with any well-functioning group, maintaining a sense of professional safety and freedom to express thoughts and concerns among all members of the team is important.
Important biological features
Published in Donna J. Clemons, Jennifer L. Seeman, The Laboratory GUINEA PIG, 2016
Donna J. Clemons, Jennifer L. Seeman
Close proximity to other guinea pigs is well tolerated both at rest and when moving, the group providing a measure of security. The primary physical contact between adult guinea pigs is huddling, and may be more related to conserving heat than a desire for contact. There is little or no grooming between individuals except at mating and by mothers rearing young.9,10 Social grooming, when it occurs, is performed by a female, who nibbles at the head and ears of the recipient.10
Vocalization development in common marmosets for neurodegenerative translational modeling
Published in Neurological Research, 2018
Corinne A. Jones, Mary K. Duffy, Sarah A. Hoffman, Nancy J. Schultz-Darken, Katarina M. Braun, Michelle R. Ciucci, Marina E. Emborg
It is important to consider vocal changes in context with the overall development of marmoset sensorimotor and social behavior [37]. Marmosets become more independent as fine motor skills and self-calming behaviors emerge between 4 and 8 weeks of age. They begin to eat solid food unaided and engage in tree gouging and social play at around 12–16 weeks. Female sex hormones set in and social grooming behaviors emerge at 16–18 weeks [37]. Call rate decreases as marmosets reach adulthood [31]. It is likely that some of the observed changes in the present study are due to social-emotional development and vocal practice.