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Macro and Micro Algal Impact on Marine Ecosystem
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
According to Engel et al. (2004), not all organic particles in the ocean originate from cellular debris. In recent years, extracellular polysaccharide particles described as Transparent Exopolymeric Substances (TEP) have gained a lot of attention in the field of limnology (Passow 2002). TEP possess a surface reactive nature and hence support coagulation processes that increase the formation of large aggregates (marine snow) (Engel 2000, Passow 2002). This in turn enhances carbon pumping to the deep ocean (Asper et al. 1992).
Toxicity and biomarkers of micro-plastic in aquatic environment: a review
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Kamrul Hassan Suman, Md Niamul Haque, Md Jamal Uddin, Most Shirina Begum, Mahmudul Hasan Sikder
The hydrophobic properties of MPs may lead to the aggregations and incorporation of MPs into marine structures such as marine snow. Hydrophobicity with larger surface area promote accumulation of organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (Cole et al. 2011, Napper et al. 2015, Andrady 2017) that adsorb onto MPs at concentrations that are several orders of magnitude higher than in the surrounding water, which is increasing the exposure of aquatic organisms (Anderson et al. 2016). Association of MPs with swimming legs, feeding apparatus, appendages, antennae, even inside the digestive system of copepods have been observed (Cole et al. 2013, Vroom et al. 2017). PS fragments (<30 µm) were aggregated about 30-90% of the total gut either in the front or hind guts of copepod, Calanus finmarchicus (Vroom et al. 2017).