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Risk Assessment and Regulatory Toxicology
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
The Poison Prevention Packaging Act (PPPA) of 1970 is administered by the CPSC. The PPPA requires child-resistant packaging of hazardous household products. There have been significant declines in reported deaths from ingestions of toxic household substances by children since the inception of this Act. However, it is estimated that more than 1 million calls to poison control centers are still registered following unintentional exposure to medicines and household chemicals by children under 5 years of age. Of these, more than 85,000 children are examined in emergency departments (ED), resulting in almost 50 deaths of children each year.*
Burns
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
The common drain cleaners found in supermarkets are usually composed of alkalis (sodium or potassium hydroxide, with or without bleach); some are enzyme-based (usually marketed as eco-friendly). Acid drain cleaners are also available but primarily intended for use by plumbers due to the violent reaction with water; they are amongst the most hazardous household chemicals available to the public. Unfortunately, they also seem to be the agent of choice in chemical assaults.
Acute otitis externa
Published in S. Musheer Hussain, Paul White, Kim W Ah-See, Patrick Spielmann, Mary-Louise Montague, ENT Head & Neck Emergencies, 2018
Ear swabs are not routinely taken at a first appointment, but for treatment failures or chronic cases5 they might be helpful. The most commonly identified pathogens in a UK series were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, anaerobes, Streptococcus species, Candida species and Aspergillus species. Blood glucose testing may reveal previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. Potential allergens and irritants include neomycin, benzalkonium chloride, propylene glycol and hearing aid mould materials. Up to one-third of patients may develop6 sensitivity to either the carriers (i.e. propylene glycol) or the antibiotics themselves (i.e. neomycin). Nickel jewellery can cause sensitivity reactions. Also, household chemicals such as hairsprays or perfumes can be irritant (Figure 12.8). In chronic or recurrent disease, involvement of dermatologists may be beneficial, to perform contact allergy testing and to advise on further topical treatments.
Damaging effects of household cleaning products on the lungs
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Orianne Dumas, Nicole Le Moual
In the last decade, exposure to household cleaning products has also emerged as a risk factor for respiratory disorders in childhood. The strongest evidence, based on results from several large European birth cohorts [20–23], was found for an association between exposure to cleaning products either during pregnancy or during the first years of life, and persistent wheezing in early childhood. These studies evaluated exposure to cleaning products using composite scores for the use of household chemicals, cleaning products or sprays, and adjusted for a number of potential confounders including host factors (e.g. maternal/paternal history of asthma/allergies), prenatal exposures (e.g., maternal smoking), birth outcomes (e.g., preterm delivery, C-section), early-life exposures (e.g., breastfeeding, environmental tobacco smoke, parental socioeconomic status, daycare attendance), or other household exposures (e.g., pet ownership, siblings, characteristics of dwelling). An association between early life exposure to cleaning products at home and lower lung function parameters, as well as higher FeNO, has also been suggested in children [20,24]. In contrast with early-life exposure, the potential impact of exposure during later childhood or adolescence on asthma remains unclear. In a recent cross-sectional analysis of the PIAMA birth cohort using data from 14-years old participants, no association was observed between use of household cleaning agents and asthma [25].
Ambulance referrals to an Australian Poisons Information Centre: a retrospective series
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Maisah Joarder, Danielle Dean, Keith Harris, Katherine Z. Isoardi
Few studies report the nature of poisoning that is referred by ambulance services to local Poisons Centres. The same retrospective series from the Texas Poisons Centre Network found that household chemicals were the most common type of exposure prompting a referral, followed by pharmaceuticals although the study did not include deliberate exposures [3]. They advised observation of the patient at home 35% of the time [3]. A larger retrospective study of 4382 referrals to the Banner Poison and Drug Information Centre, Phoenix identified 63.3% of exposures were accidental whereas 31.0% were intentional poisonings, with patients with intentional exposures or symptoms more likely to be transported to an emergency department or admitted to a hospital [6].
Role of chemical exposure in the incidence of vitiligo: a case–control study in Tunisia
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2023
Nehla Rmadi, Nada Kotti, Emna Bahloul, Feriel Dhouib, Imen Sellami, Khadija Sellami, Kaouthar Jmal Hammami, Mohamed Larbi Masmoudi, Hamida Turki, Mounira Hajjaji
Data were collected through direct interviews conducted by the same doctor with the participants. It was completed by the exploration of medical records and consultation sheets. Collected data consisted of the following parts: Sociodemographic characteristics: gender, age, professional status, and rural or urban origin.Data regarding environmental chemical exposure: having a residence near a polluting site (a polluting site was defined as any source located less than 200 m near the residence if it was a service station or small factory and less than 1 km if it was a large factory polluting the environment), histories of household chemicals, the use of a colored toothpaste, hair dye, cosmetics, deodorants, or perfumed oil.Medical characteristics: a family history of vitiligo, a history of a repeated antibiotic use, and characteristics of vitiligo (duration, clinical aspect, type, and disease’ course). We used the Vitiligo Extent Score (VES) to calculate the affected body surface area (BSA) [11].Data regarding occupational chemical exposure preceding the onset of vitiligo: activity sectors and jobs occupied for more than 6 months, professional tenure, and exposure to the following chemicals according to the activity sector [12]: MonoBenzyl Ether of Hydroquinone (MBEH), additional phenol/catechol derivatives, detergents/disinfectants, and insecticides/pesticides.