China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Methods and Equipment for Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Rolf Zijlma, Danique Giesen, Yvette Kruiter, Philip H. Elsinga, Gert Luurtsema
The worldwide method used to produce FDG is based on the radio-synthesis according to the literature described by Hamacher and colleagues [5]. Briefly, the radionuclide 18F is produced using a medical 18 MeV cyclotron via the 18O (p,n)18F nuclear reaction. Dedicated synthesis modules are placed in a class C hot cell to protect the laboratory personnel against radiation. The synthesis is remotely performed and based on nucleophilic substitution reaction of 18F/K222 complex with mannose triflate precursor in acetonitrile (ACN) (Figure 6.2).
Organization and Management of a Radiation Safety Office
Published in Kenneth L. Miller, Handbook of Management of Radiation Protection Programs, 2020
Steven H. King, Rodger W. Granlund
Radiation surveys and swipe tests of external surfaces of packages received or packaged for shipment should be carried out near the receiving or packaging point to avoid unwarranted radiation exposures and inadvertent contamination of personnel or the facility. When many low-activity packages of a kind known to be generally free of contamination are received (e.g., radioimmunoassay kits) swipe-testing of a suitable random sampling is acceptable. Delivery or receipt of packages within the facility requires special consideration. Packages containing significant quantities of radioactive materials should not be surveyed or opened until the containers have been placed in an appropriate protective facility such as a radiological-type fume hood or hot cell. Receiving surveys indicate special precautions that need to be taken with the package or its contents due to contamination or external radiation. Whenever external radiation levels exceed a few millirads per hour it is advisable to deliver the package to the user on a cart rather than by hand carrying.
11C, 13N, and 15O Tracers
Published in Garimella V. S. Rayudu, Lelio G. Colombetti, Radiotracers for Medical Applications, 2019
Roy S. Tilbury, Alan S. Gelbard
The short half-lives of 11C, 13N and 11C present challenges as well as opportunities for the radiochemist. To obtain labeled compounds in sufficient yields to carry out clinical or animal studies, large amounts of radioactivity must be produced and methods must be developed to synthesize compounds quickly and remotely in order to limit radiation exposure. Work is usually carried out by automated and remote procedures within a lead-shielded hot cell.
Operational and financial feasibility of positron emission tomography CT scanner at a tertiary care hospital
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2021
Arun Mavaji, Umashankar Raju, K. Suresh
The study was carried out at a 2032 bedded multispecialty tertiary care teaching hospital in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Approval from the institutional ethical review board was sought before the study initiation. The department of nuclear medicine near the oncology wing of the hospital, approved for category IV nuclear medicine set up, was modified and expanded as per the AERB (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board) regulations [11] to accommodate a PET/CT scanner. The department was accessible to both outpatients and inpatients, with a total area of about 312 sq mts, fulfilling the guidelines laid down by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) [12] and the AERB. Minor renovations were made to other areas like the reception, waiting area, toilets and the hot cell laboratory that already existed, in order to install the PET/CT. The staff of the department of nuclear medicine met the requisite qualifications and numbers to run a PET/CT centre, as per IAEA guidelines.
Antennae sense heat stress to inhibit mating and promote escaping in Drosophila females
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2018
Yusuke Miwa, Masayuki Koganezawa, Daisuke Yamamoto
The above result indicates that it is the hot sensation that reduces female mating. This finding invites concern over whether heat-sensitive dTrpA1 transgenically expressed in hot cells might have interactions with endogenous heat-sensitive Gr28b.d so that these cells become hypersensitive to high temperatures. To exclude any undesirable effect of the use of dTrpA1, we instead expressed the red-sensitive Channelrhodopsin CsChrimson in Gr28b.d-GAL4-positive cells to test whether light-induced activation, rather than heat-induced activation, of these cells reduces female mating success (Supporting Information, Movie S2). We found that light-induced activation of Gr28b.d-GAL4-positive cells indeed reduces female mating success (Figure 5(A)) as does dTrpA1-mediated activation (Figure 1). We further examined whether the reduction in mating upon sensing heat is coupled with the initiation of an alternative behavioral response in the female. Our hypothesis was that sensing heat stimulates escape behavior, because rapid negative thermotaxis has been reported to occur upon hot cell activation by heat (Ni et al., 2013). To test this possibility, female flies with CsChrimson-expression in Gr28b.d-GAL4-positive cells were released in a square chamber (Figure 5(B)) in the dark, and then either the left or right half of the chamber was illuminated for 20 s by light with five different intensities (Figure 5(C,D)). The spatial distribution of female flies before, during and after the illumination was analyzed to detect escaping responses (Figure 5(E)). The retinal-fed flies with CsChrimson expression evacuated the illuminated area and kept out until the light illumination terminated (Figure 5(E,F)). In contrast, a large proportion of control flies with no supplementation of retinal stayed in the illuminated area (Figure 5(E,F)). We consider that upon sensing heat female flies escape at the expense of a mating opportunity.