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Hospital Resources
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
In the early days of nutritional support, particularly when it was surgically driven, many large hospitals purchased metabolic carts for measuring resting energy metabolism. But these initial units were bulky and inaccurate. They were difficult to operate and maintain. As a result, they fell into disuse and were abandoned by much of the field. However, newer versions with more advanced micro-circuitry and more stable gas sensors are now available. Although not essential to the practice of metabolic medicine, such measurements can be very helpful in critical cases.
Lab-on-a-Chip-Based Devices for Rapid and Accurate Measurement of Nanomaterial Toxicity
Published in Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang, Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
Mehenur Sarwar, Amirali Nilchian, Chen-zhong Li
A lab-on-chip is a class of device, measuring a maximum a few square centimetres in area, which has the capability to automate and integrate several laboratory techniques on a chip. Due to its miniature size, minimal resources are required, which generates a low amount of waste. These devices also often contain the ability of rapid heating and mixing (Sackmann et al. 2014) and thus provide a platform for chemical reactions. Often, microfluidic (MF) technologies are incorporated to manage the various compartments and reagents. In addition, these chips often include various types of sensors such as gas sensors, humidity sensors, temperature sensors, flow meters, and viscometers.
Artificial Olfactory Systems Can Detect Unique Odorant Signature Of Cancerous Volatile Compounds
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
Other studies were performed with arrays of gas sensors fabricated by the research groups that analyzed the samples, or with commercially available e-nose systems such as for instance Cyranose® 320 or AEONOSETM (former DiagNose). However, these artificially olfactory systems were not specifically designed for biomedical applications like the one presented in this chapter. For instance, Cyranose 320 is a vapor sensing instrument designed to detect and identify complex chemical mixtures that constitute aromas, odors, fragrances, formulations, spills and leaks, and the fabricant says that it can be used in diverse industries including petrochemical, chemical, food and beverage, packaging materials, plastics, pet food, pulp and paper, medical research, and many more. Nevertheless, the NA-NOSE was designed to target the detection of non-polar compounds under humidity conditions reproducing the moisture content present in most of the body fluid samples; the non-polar compounds serve as diagnostic markers of various diseases and are generally more difficult to detected than the polar ones – for instance, Cyranose 320 cannot detect them (Bikov et al., 2015). Although it initially comprised monolayers of organically capped gold nanoparticles, posteriorly other types of sensors that complied with this condition were added to the NA-NOSE for enhancing the number and classes of compounds detected, such as synthetically designed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives with different aromatic coronae and side groups and hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivatives with different functional hydrophobic side groups (Zilberman et al., 2009, 2011).
Identifying chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps by analyzing aspirated nasal air with an electronic nose based on differential mobility spectrometry
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2022
Jussi Virtanen, Anton Kontunen, Jura Numminen, Niku Oksala, Markus Rautiainen, Antti Roine, Ilkka Kivekäs
The analysis of human breath is an interesting field of research. The measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (NO), for example, can be used in the diagnostics of asthma. In addition to specific molecules, the non-targeted analysis of gas-phase compounds can also be used in disease diagnostics. The electronic nose (eNose) attempts to mimic mammalian olfaction. The device consists of an array of gas sensors combined with pattern recognition software and performs a qualitative analysis of gas-phase mixtures. The result is a measurement signature of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained in the sample, which could represent the VOC pattern of a certain disease. Thus, different diseases could potentially be differentiated by comparing their VOC patterns and, as a result, eNose technology has gained interest in research. In many previous studies, exhaled breath has been used as a sample material [4]. Furthermore, studies have shown that a ‘breathomics’-based approach can be used to diagnose and even determine the phenotype of asthma [5]. To date, only a few studies have examined the diagnostics of rhinosinusitis using an eNose. However, the accuracy reported in these studies has varied between 60 and 85% [6–8].
Noninvasive detection of COPD and Lung Cancer through breath analysis using MOS Sensor array based e-nose
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Binson V A, M. Subramoniam, Luke Mathew
Taguchi gas sensors (TGS) manufactured by Figaro Engineering Inc, USA were selected to develop the sensor array system of the e-nose. All the sensors were metal oxide semiconductor type, and the principle of sensing is the change in resistance of the semiconductor metal oxides with the variation in the input gas concentration. Five chemical gas sensors were used to fabricate the sensor array system that can detect the variations of the human breath VOCs. The sensors and their target compounds are shown in Table 1. Even though the multisensor chips are available for the measurement of VOCs, they have not been efficiently used in the literature for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases, especially in differentiating patients with lung diseases from healthy controls. The well known electronic noses Cyranose 320 and Aeonose are successful in COPD and lung cancer detection, but it is expensive. In the literature, TGS sensors have been successfully used in the detection of pulmonary diseases with very good classification results [34–37]. By considering certain factors such as high sensitivity to breath VOCs, low cost, high stability, long life, and simple associated circuitry made us to chose TGS sensors for our research.
Automatic odor prediction for electronic nose
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2018
Mina Mirshahi, Vahid Partovi Nia, Luc Adjengue
There are various odor measurement techniques such as dilution-to-threshold, olfactometers, and referencing techniques [16]. The performance of these approaches depends on human evaluation. The common methods mostly lack accuracy due to the high variability of individual's odor sensitivity. A gas multi-sensor array was invented as a primary artificial olfaction equipment [21]. E-nose is an artificial olfactory system which consists of an array of gas sensors. The e-nose is designed to recognize complex odors of its surrounding environment, see Figure 1 (left panel). The gas sensor array of the e-nose receives chemical information about gaseous mixtures as the input, converts them to measurable signals, and sends the data to a server. Data transfer is performed using common mobile data connection such as general package radio service (GPRS) or long-term evolution (LTE).