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Area and Individual Radiation Monitoring
Published in Arash Darafsheh, Radiation Therapy Dosimetry: A Practical Handbook, 2021
Figure 13.6 shows a Thermo Eberline ASP/2e NRD Neutron Survey Meter – a portable battery operated instrument. The detector is a 22.9 cm (9 inch) in diameter, cadmium-loaded polyethylene sphere with a BF3 tube in the center. The instrument is available with display either in rem or Sv. According to the manufacturer, the energy response closely follows the theoretical dose equivalent curve for neutrons over the energy range from 0.025 eV (thermal) to about 10 MeV. It measures dose equivalent rates in the range of 1–100 mSv/h. The BF3 tube provides gamma rejection up to 500 R/hr depending on the applied voltage (1600–2000 V). The sensitivity is 45 cpm/(mrem/h) or 2700 counts per mrem. The dead time is 10 µs (nominal). It has a directional response within 10%. Its response time is programmable from 0–255 milliseconds. The counting instrument is the Model ASP-2e which has a dual analog/digital display. It has a rate meter that can be used on an integrating or scaler mode. It has a count range of 1–1.3 million counts per minute.
Definition of HLA-Dw Determinants Using Homozygous Typing Cells and the Mixed Lymphocyte Culture
Published in M. Kam, Jeffrey L. Bidwell, Handbook of HLA TYPING TECHNIQUES, 2020
The MLC results can be expressed as counts per minute, stimulation index (SI) or percentage of relative response (RR). Counts Per Minute (cpm). This simply involves the tabulation of the average difference in cpm between test and control. In this method, the autologous value (in cpm) of a given responder is normally used as control and is subtracted from the test value of that responder, i.e., ABx – AAx (x = irradiated).
Distribution Studies
Published in Howard J. Glenn, Lelio G. Colombetti, Biologic Applications of Radiotracers, 2019
In the determination of the counts per minute (cpm) of a radioactive sample from a tracer distribution study, the relative accuracy of the measurement must be questioned and the probability that the result may be in error by some specified amount should be stated. The prediction of the fraction of atoms that will have disintegrated over a period of time can be accurate because the number of radioactive atoms is large and the phenomenon is itself random. However, the actual number of disintegrations observed (counted) may be limited, and thus a certain amount of statistical error will be introduced into any laboratory detection and measurement of radioactivity. The acceptable magnitude of this error must be considered for the counts received for each sample.
Effect of molecular size on interstitial pharmacokinetics and tissue catabolism of antibodies
Published in mAbs, 2022
Hanine Rafidi, Sharmila Rajan, Konnie Urban, Whitney Shatz-Binder, Keliana Hui, Gregory Z. Ferl, Amrita V. Kamath, C. Andrew Boswell
where %ID/g denotes the percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue, CPMt and CPMID denote the radioactive counts per minute in the harvested tissue and in the total injected dose, respectively, and masst denotes the mass of the harvested tissue in grams. Total tissue concentrations were corrected for blood volume and interstitial volume. Given that we used non-targeting antibodies, the assumption made is that internalization is minimal (limited to pinocytosis), and that the majority of the antibody is located extracellularly in the interstitial and vascular spaces. Equation 2 was used to correct for blood volume based on known literature values27:
Suppression of the CD28/B7 pathway reduces the occurrence and development of myasthenia gravis and cytokine levels
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Zhan-Xia Xue, Yong-Shan Gao, Xue-Liang Wu
The 3H-TdR method [21] was performed to detect lymph node cell proliferation in rats. Lymph nodes were first isolated from the groin region of healthy rats under aseptic conditions and prepared into a single cell suspension. The lymphocytes were seeded into a 96-well plate at a density of 1 × 106 cells/mL (200 μL/well), and purified AChR at a final concentration of 10 μg/mL or concanavalin A of the same concentration [22] was added to each well. Afterwards, the cells were treated with dexamethasone or CTLA4-Ig. The cells were cultured in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37 °C for 72 h. Next, 3H-TdR (1.85 × 104 Bq/well; Chinese Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China) was added 6 h prior to the culmination of the incubation process. Cells were collected and the count per minute (CPM) value was determined using a liquid scintillation spectrometer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA).
Pre-pregnancy body dissatisfaction and weight-related outcomes and behaviors during pregnancy
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Rebecca A. Schlaff, Meghan Baruth, Jessika T. Gherke, Samantha J. Deere
A 60-second epoch length was used for data collection. Participants had to wear the monitor for a minimum of 10 h per day, on three days (Trost et al., 2005) to be included in analyses. Data with 60 min or more of consecutive zeros were removed from analyses, as it was assumed the participant was not wearing the monitor. Freedson Adult VM3 cut points (Freedson et al., 1998) were used to convert activity count data to mean minutes of sedentary behavior and MVPA per valid day. Any count ≤100 counts per minute was considered a minute of sedentary time(Matthews et al., 2008). Counts of ≥1952 were classified as moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). Percent of each day spent in sedentary behavior (%SED) and MVPA (%MVPA) were also calculated for valid days, in an effort to adjust for differences in wear time. The ActiGraph accelerometer has been validated and used in previous studies with both normal and overweight women and has been shown to correlate with energy expenditure (Plasqui & Westerterp, 2007; Sasaki et al., 2011).