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Gloves and Dermal Exposure to Chemicals
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Perhaps the best approach would be to use biological monitoring to evaluate the protection factor of gloves. As previously discussed in Section 20.4, Oltmanns et al.61 identified criteria for biomonitoring studies to be suitable for deriving dermal protection factors which should be considered. This would necessarily need to be carried out in a semi-experimental study to ensure that the measurements reflected the protection afforded by the gloves and not other influences, e.g., background levels of the material in the body from prior/background exposure. Workers would need to wear a high level of respiratory protection to ensure that there was no contribution to exposure from inhalation of the contaminant substance. In addition, it would be necessary to ensure that it was ethically acceptable to have the work carried out without wearing protective gloves because the protection factor would be obtained from the level measured without wearing gloves to that while wearing gloves. If we adopted an intervention study design, then it would not be necessary to take into account inter-individual variation in metabolism.
Management of Emergency Care for Radiation Accident Victims
Published in Kenneth L. Miller, Handbook of Management of Radiation Protection Programs, 2020
Mary Ellen Berger, Robert C. Ricks
Body surveys, analysis of swabs from body orifices, wounds, and intact skin and analysis of air samples from the accident scene will aid in establishing the identity of the contaminant and in determining the probability of internal contamination.
Radiation injuries
Published in Jan de Boer, Marcel Dubouloz, Handbook of Disaster Medicine, 2020
Yves Jouchoux, Christophe Boyer
Skin is contaminated by radioactive elements. There is an urgent need for: – elimination of external contaminant;– limitation of the diffusion of the contaminant;– preventing internal contamination.
Use of clinical chemistry health outcomes and PFAS chain length to predict 28-day rodent oral toxicity
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Giselle R. M. Bellia, Robert A. Bilott, Ning Sun, David Thompson, Vasilis Vasiliou
Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, every five years, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), releases a document, ‘Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR)’, which contains a list of unregulated drinking water contaminants that are to be monitored closely by public water systems. The fifth and most recent UCMR contained a list of 29 PFAS . Based on current technologies, this list purportedly contains each and every PFAS the USEPA is able to detect in drinking water (USEPA 2021; USEPA 2019; USEPA 2020). PFHSKslt is currently not listed on the UCMR because the USEPA claims to not have the technology to detect PFHSKslt in drinking water. Therefore, this molecule was chosen as the PFAS to be compared to a predicted value, as this purportedly cannot be detected in drinking water with current methods.
Evaluation of interactive effects of phosphorus-32 and copper on marine and freshwater bivalve mollusks
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Emily L. Vernon, Michael N. Moore, Tim P. Bean, Awadhesh N. Jha
Exposure of the mussels to 32P alone caused no significant increase in % Tail DNA (Excluding DP [0.1] and MG digestive gland [1 mGy d−1]), but when combined with Cu, % Tail DNA was statistically greater than controls in MG gill and DP digestive gland at 0.10 mGy d−1, and all species and tissues at 1 mGy d−1. Cu in isolation, at environmentally relevant concentrations (18 μg L−1) has been found to have no significant effect on % Tail DNA in MG or DP gill cells (Vernon and Jha 2019), when in combination with 32P there appears to be an additive effect on mussels. Whilst not significantly so the addition of Cu to IR exposures also increased γ-H2AX foci induction, across both species, tissue and dose rate (excluding MG digestive gland). This apparent additive effect of Cu on the genotoxicity of 32P on marine and freshwater mussels is the first reported. Cu-contaminant induced effects have been noted in previous literature. In M. edulis, Cu-induced (0.1 μM) damage to DNA and lipids was noted as significantly greater under low pH conditions (reflective of ocean acidification), in comparison to controls (Lewis et al. 2016). Similarly, combined Cu (10 μg L−1) and IR (60Co, 70 mGy) exposure was found to induce significantly depleted glutathione compared to exposure to Cu alone, in presmolt salmon, S. salar (Heier et al. 2013).
Maintenance of the aseptic working field during endodontic treatment
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2019
Line Rørslett Hardersen, Morten Enersen, Anne Karin Kristoffersen, Dag Ørstavik, Pia Titterud Sunde
A bacterium detected in this study is the facultative anaerobic polysaccharide producing Streptococcus mitis suggesting leakage of saliva as a possible reason for contamination of the operative field. During treatment, the rubber dam is exposed to stress (radiograph procedure, oral suction), which may contribute to leakage of saliva or gingival fluid between rubber dam and tooth. Neisseria elongata and Cardiobacterium hominis are Gram-negative bacteria found in the human pharynx and respiratory tract. Thus, detection of these species in the present study may indicate a possible contaminant from the patient or/and the operator. C hominis have also been reported in a case with endocarditis [27]. Propionibacterium spp. are common inhabitants of the skin. It is possible that the Propionibacterium spp detected in the present study were contaminants from the patient or operator [28].