China
Africa
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Field Sensors: Military and Civilian
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Kelley J. Williams, Juan Stevens
A PID represents the evolution of flame ionization and is one of the most common technologies for hazardous chemical identification. Instrumentation that is developed to detect chemical contamination may be viewed as an extension of our human senses. One of these senses, the sense of smell, occurs primarily because chemicals volatilize (RAE Systems, 2013). Multi-gas monitors use several cooperative technologies to provide emergency responders with information about the presence of atmospheric hazards in their operating environment. These instruments typically appear as four- or five-gas monitors. A typical five-gas monitor may be equipped to detect the oxygen level, VOCs, and the presence of an explosive atmosphere or chemicals such as hydrogen disulfide and carbon monoxide.
Monitoring Inequalities in Wash Service Levels
Published in Oliver Cumming, Tom Slaymaker, Equality in Water and Sanitation Services, 2018
The importance of water safety for health is well documented and there has been a progressive harmonisation of national standards for drinking-water quality, many of which are now aligned with the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality.41 There is broad agreement on the contaminants that pose the greatest risk to human health globally, but the development of water safety plans and systems for surveillance and testing of drinking-water quality varies across countries.42 While very few countries have comparable data on the coverage and effectiveness of water safety plans, many collect information on the quality of drinking water.43 The frequency, location and methods used for testing vary from country to country, but a core set of standard microbial and chemical parameters are increasingly widely measured. Sanitary water safety can be assessed by inspecting the adequacy of sanitation systems and measures to protect drinking-water sources and delivery systems, as well as direct testing of water samples for faecal contamination. Chemical contamination (particularly fluoride and arsenic) is also known to present a significant risk to human health.41 A wide range of other parameters may also be monitored at national and subnational levels.
Water and foodborne contamination *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Timothy R. Julian, Kellogg J. Schwab
Globally, the causes of foodborne contamination are wide and varied. Efforts to reduce foodborne illness are driven largely by prevention: preventing contamination of the food supply pre-harvest and post-harvest. Chemical contamination, for example, occurs largely pre-harvest, and can be reduced by proper crop siting and limiting or controlling pesticide application. Biological contamination occurs predominately post-harvest, where production, distribution, and storage influence mycotoxin and bacterial toxins; consumer-level hygiene and food preparation influence microbial contamination. In all cases, clean water plays a role in helping to reduce contamination as irrigation water influences crop and livestock uptake of chemical contaminants and household access to water influences both hand hygiene and food preparation.
Implementation of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Fine–Kinney method (FKM) against risk factors to determine the total cost of occupational health and safety precautions in environmental research laboratories
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
The risk of chemical contamination was detected by multiplying the possibility (6), frequency (3) and effect (7) values by each other and measured as 126 in the FKM (Table 15). The risk of chemical contamination affects laboratory personnel during the analysis process (Table 15). Having a risk value of 126 in the FKM indicated that the risk is essential; besides transient damage/injury, hospital treatment could be necessary if this substantial risk occurs in the studied laboratories (Table 15). Occupational health and safety training of laboratory personnel is essential to prevent chemical contamination risk (Table 15). All laboratory personnel must use PPE such as lab coats, lab glasses, masks and nitrile gloves to minimize the chemical contamination risk in all studied laboratories (Table 15). All laboratory supervisors supply the aforementioned PPEs to all laboratory personnel in all studied laboratories.
Angiogenesis and lead (Pb): is there a connection?
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Anna Machoń-Grecka, Michał Dobrakowski, Aleksandra Kasperczyk, Ewa Birkner, Sławomir Kasperczyk
Industrial development increases the threat to human health caused by chemical contamination of the environment. Occupational and environmental exposures to lead (Pb) have detrimental effects on human health. Pb affects functioning of many systems of the human body, including the cardiovascular system (Navas-Acien et al. 2007, Cosselman et al. 2015). Pb uptake into the cell is affected by the pH changes and the cell type (Simons 1986, Cheong 2004). Pb2+ ions can mimic Fe2+ and Ca2+ to gain access to the intracellular compartment using their transporters (Christy and Rudolfs 2010). Pb toxicity is caused by its high affinity for cysteine –SH group, tyrosine –OH group, lysine –NH2 group, glutamic/aspartic acid carboxylate (COO−), and phosphate groups in proteins, enzymes, and cell membranes (Sisombath and Jalilehvand 2015). Pb2+ has also similar ionic radius (1.19 Å) as Ca2+ (1.00 Å) and Zn2+ (0.74 Å) and it can displace both Ca2+ and Zn2+ in proteins (Godwin 2001). Another potential mechanism of Pb toxicity is the ability of Pb to induce oxidative stress.
Biochemical and histopathological alterations in Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus exposed to malathion
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mina Rahbar, Masoud Sattari, Hamid Alaf Noverian, Mohaddeseh Ahmadnezhad, Hossein Khara, Roghieh Safari
Pesticides and other toxicants are being widely used throughout the world (Flessel et al.1993, Kozawa et al.2009), including on citrus and rice lands beside the Caspian Sea (Pourang et al.2005). They have become an increasingly serious source of environmental chemical contamination due to their widespread utilization in agriculture (Yonar and Sakin 2011). Malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bisethoxycarbonylethylphos-phorodithioate) is one of the organophosphate toxicant widely used for pest management in agriculture in the north of Iran (Pandey et al.2005). It has hazard potential on the circumstances and more disastrous on aquatic biota (Huculeci et al.2009). Scientists have reported the side effects of malathion on growth (Sweilum 2006), gonadal development (Zhang et al.2016), hematological parameters (Shahbazi et al.2015), genetic materials (Kumar et al.2015), biochemical (Huculeci et al.2009, Yonar 2013, Shahbazi et al.2015), and histological indices (Karmakar et al.2016) in fish.