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Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Rainwater is water that has been obtained from rain. Rain is water precipitated from clouds which is caused by the evaporation of water from lakes, rivers, seas and ocean into the sky. Therefore, rainwater contains not only water but also other water-soluble solid and gas products that are present in the original water and in the atmosphere. The quantity of constituents and the quality of rainwater vary with each area as well as with the mode of collection and storage. For example, rainwater in an area near the sea is richer in iodine and salt than rainwater in land far from the sea. Theoretically, rainwater is better than natural surface water such as rivers and lakes. But rainwater can contain toxic compounds due to air pollution and bacteria from the excrements of birds or insects deposited on the roofs of a building or home. Direct consumption of collected rainwater without any form of purification or treatment is strongly discouraged by the World Health Organization due to evidence of microbiological and chemical contamination from both atmospheric deposition and rooftop runoff (188). However, in developing countries, access to safe drinking water is a major problem. In the face of decreasing water sources, rainwater harvesting may be seen as one of the most appropriate alternatives for supplying freshwater at a household or community level. Rainwater has received increased attention worldwide as an alternative source of potable and non-potable water for rural areas and developing countries (189).
Modeling Exposure
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
In addition to chemical-specific parameters, site-specific data are needed to describe agricultural production in the exposed area. Such data have been tabulated at the county level for selected products (Shor et al., 1982). This tabulation includes beef cattle, milk cows, and seven vegetable and food crops: (1) leafy vegetables presenting a broad flat leaf surface for atmospheric deposition and for which the leafy part is generally the edible part; (2) exposed produce (e.g., snap beans, tomatoes, apples) which are available for atmospheric deposition but who’s surface area is small compared to leafy vegetables; (3) protected produce (e.g., potatoes, peanuts, citrus fruits) in which edible portions are not directly exposed to atmospheric deposition; (4) grains which are similar to protected produce but which are used as feed for animals as well as their direct contribution to the human diet; (5) pasture; (6) hay; and (7) silage.
Inorganic Chemical Pollutants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Mercury (Hg) is a pervasive global pollutant; in the form of MeHg (CH3Hg+), it bioaccumulates in the food web and is highly toxic to humans and other organisms.561 Unlike inorganic forms of Hg which originate from atmospheric deposition and point discharges, MeHg is generated in the environment predominantly by anaerobic microorganisms.562 Sulfate-reducing bacteria are the main producers of CH3Hg+,563,564 although iron-reducing bacteria565–567 and methanogens568,569 can also be involved.
Appraisal of surface water quality in vicinity of industrial areas and associated ecological and human health risks: a study on the Bangshi river in Bangladesh
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Mahmuda Binte Latif, Md. Abul Kalam Khalifa, Mir Md. Mozammal Hoque, Md. Shakir Ahammed, Alisha Islam, Md. Humayun Kabir, Tanmoy Roy Tusher
The second PC (PC2), third PC (PC3), and fourth PC (PC4), on the other hand, accounted for 19.932, 17.359, and 8.798% of the overall variance, respectively (Supplementary Table S9). Furthermore, moderate positive loadings on pH and Ca were found in PC2, Mn and Mg in PC3, and Mn in PC4, while strong and moderate negative loadings on Cu in PC2 and Zn in PC3 were found (Supplementary Table S9). These PCs also indicate the influences of both natural and anthropogenic sources that enriched Mn, Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu in the river water. However, the sources controlling Cu are different from the sources controlling the other studied metals. Cu was possibly originated from industrial release, while Mn and Zn were probably originated from sewage discharge and agricultural runoff (Ateş et al. 2020, Allafta and Opp 2020). Mn could also be resulted from atmospheric deposition of fossil fuel combustion and waste incineration (Allafta and Opp 2020). These findings also support the results of significant negative correlation between Cu and Ca (r=-0.849). On the other hand, in PC4, a high positive loading was observed on Fe, suggesting that this PC is probably related to natural origin. Shil et al. (2017) also reported higher Fe concentration (0.27 ppm) of geological origin in Passur river, Bangladesh, which experiences good water flow throughout the year. Therefore, a mixed contamination of organic and nutrient variables resulting from anthropogenic interventions, especially the industrial and domestic activities, as well as geo-genic processes may be castoff to interpret the sources of metals in the Bangshi river water.
Evolution of radioecology in Armenia: a short review
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
The deposition and accumulation of airborne radionuclides were studied within radioecological monitoring using dry atmospheric deposition and mosses as bioindicators (Belyaeva et al. 2017; Belyaeva, Pyuskyulyan, Lamont, et al. 2019; Movsisyan et al. 2019; Pyuskyulyan et al. 2020; Movsisyan, Demirtchyan, et al. 2021). Four-year monitoring results implemented in Aragats massif suggested that 137Cs loading in dry atmospheric depositions varied from 1.0 to 2.37 Bq/m2 per quarter in altitudes of 1000–3200 m a.s.l. and increases with altitude. Moreover, the activity concentration of 137Cs in soils and dry deposition correlated significantly (Belyaeva, Pyuskyulyan, Lamont, et al. 2019; Pyuskyulyan et al. 2020). A similar distribution pattern was revealed for cosmogenic 7Be activity concertation in mosses through Armenia (Movsisyan et al. 2019; Movsisyan 2020; Movsisyan, Tepanosyan, et al. 2021), whereas the higher activity of naturally occurring 40K in mosses was observed in lower areas (Movsisyan, Tepanosyan, et al. 2021).
Bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in muscle Tilapia spp fish: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and non-carcinogenic risk assessment
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Yadolah Fakhri, Ali Atamaleki, Anvar Asadi, Seyed Mehdi Ghasemi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
In recent decades, water pollution by PTEs due to industrial and agricultural development has become a global health concern due to several adverse effects on human health as well as aquatic biota (Fang et al.2016, Yi et al.2017, Atia et al.2018). These issues can be correlated with atmospheric deposition, sewage and industrial effluent discharge, runoff from lawns, chemical waste spills, and wastewater dispose of agricultural (Mishra et al.2007, Kumar et al.2011, Velusamy et al.2014, Pilehvarian et al.2015). In this context, the further evaluation of PTEs concentration in related organisms to aquatic environments such as fish became as a crucial approach for the monitoring the PTEs pollution in the aquatic environment and following to human health risk (Guerra-García et al.2010, Velusamy et al.2014).