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Morocco
Published in Ebby Elahi, World Compendium of Healthcare Facilities and Nonprofit Organizations, 2021
Prior to 1956, Morocco was separated into French and Spanish protectorates. Since achieving independence, Morocco has emerged as a stable and growing country, with the fifth largest economy in Africa. Morocco is rich in resources and arable land. As such, it produces wheat, barley, and corn, and exports fruits and other commercial crops such as cotton, sugarcane, and sunflowers. Manufacturing also plays a major role in the Moroccan economy, accounting for one-sixth of the GDP. This includes food processing, the manufacturing of textiles, and iron and steel manufacturing. While education is mandatory for school-age children, access to schools is more consistent in urban areas. Rural areas have poor school attendance, resulting in lower-thanexpected literacy rates across Morocco.
National Biosecurity Regimes
Published in Kezia Barker, Robert A. Francis, Routledge Handbook of Biosecurity and Invasive Species, 2021
Damian Maye, Kin Wing (Ray) Chan
Biosecurity in China also sits within and against a wider set of competing and interrelated national tensions, including population pressure and food security. This context is important. China has a population of 1.3 billion, and this exerts significant pressure on internal food production. This has driven rapid restructuring in meat and crop production sectors in recent years through intensification and vertical integration, with the aim to improve productivity and standards (Day and Schneider, 2017; Wu, 2019). Rapid agricultural restructuring has fostered corporate farming (Scott et al., 2014), and the scale and concentration of agricultural production have increased the risk of disease epidemics (Meadows et al., 2018). China also increasingly outsources foreign food crops and animals to maintain food security. This is in response to the rapid loss of arable land due to urbanisation and environmental pollution (Morton, 2017) but is also a political decision. This increases the risk of importing infected animals and plant products. For example, Panama disease1 (i.e. Fusarium wilt [FW] of banana) was imported to China via the importation of bananas from Taiwan in 2001 (Lin and Shen, 2017), and a devastating outbreak of African swine flu in September 2018 has been linked to a strain likely to have entered via Russian pork imports (Normile, 2018; SCMP, 2018).
Sources of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Chlodwig Franz, Johannes Novak
On the other side, it needs arable land and investments in starting material, maintenance, and harvest techniques. On the basis of a number of successful introductions of new crops a scheme and strategy of domestication was developed by this author (Table 3.8).
Spatial distribution of heavy metals in rice grains, rice husk, and arable soil, their bioaccumulation and associated health risks in Haryana, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Renu Daulta, Tallapragada Sridevi, Vinod Kumar Garg
India is a developing nation and due to rapid industrialization and unregulated disposal of industrial wastes causing contamination of different natural resources, including soil and water. This is happening at an unprecedented pace that demands immediate interventions from scientists as well as policymakers. Arable land is one of the major resources therefore its contamination by various pollutants, including heavy metals is a cause of concern. Various sources of arable land contamination include industrial wastes, irrigation with partially treated or untreated industrial effluents, and sewage (Chandra et al.2008). Indiscriminate use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and atmospheric depositions also contribute to the heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil (Huamain et al.1999, Proshad et al.2019). If heavy metal-laden agricultural soil is used for crop production, it becomes a potential source for heavy metal contamination to the food (Wong et al.2002, Kormoker et al.2020b) which eventually may enter the food chain.
Ethanol production from cassava starch by protoplast fusants of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Galactomyces candidum
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Tolulope Modupe Adeleye, Sharafadeen Olateju Kareem, Mobolaji O. Bankole, Olusegun Atanda, Abideen I. Adeogun
A popular excuse in the use of food crops for bio-ethanol production is the likely adverse effect on food availability. However, production and distribution of food items in a country like ours (Nigeria) depend largely on energy supply [13]. It, therefore, implies that there can be no food security without energy security. Often times the slightest increase in fuel prices results in significant increases in the market prices all the food items [27] report showed that there are over 200million hectares of usable virgin lands in Africa. It has also been reported that only about 8% of arable land is under effective cultivation in most African countries [28]. With appropriate technologies and government policies, proper planning and land use management, feedstocks such as cassava starch used in the present study, can be produced on large scales without competing with land available for food crop production.
Climate change, uncertainty and allostatic load
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2019
D. E. Crews, N. C. Kawa, J. H. Cohen, G. L. Ulmer, A. N. Edes
Uncertainty over access to food and water activate allostasis, redirecting internal energy allotments to food- and water-seeking activity (see Peters et al. 2017). Following long-term nutrient and/or hydration deficits, anabolic activity and immune function become compromised, leaving those affected more susceptible to pathogens. Food and water insecurity, like social instability, are labile conditions. Even without GCC, such conditions have always existed in some geographical and sociocultural settings. Humans continually use freshwater for multiple purposes. In climate-sensitive production systems, GCC acts as a risk multiplier in combination with poor agricultural land and jointly may produce extreme droughts such as observed at Lakes Poopó and Titicaca. As GCC and human activity alter regional hydrological cycles, arable land and productivity decline, local resources become insecure and perceptions of food and water insecurity increase (Trawick 2003; Endfield and Tejedo 2006). In such situations, major stressors on humans such as poor nutrition, hunger and starvation, may follow. GCC and agricultural diversion of freshwater from lakes and rivers have been a blueprint for reduced subsistence production and movement of populations to more secure, often urban, locations. As GCC multiplies risks for instability and insecurity, mobility may be the only choice left for those affected.