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A Greening but Unequal City
Published in Igor Vojnovic, Amber L. Pearson, Gershim Asiki, Geoffrey DeVerteuil, Adriana Allen, Handbook of Global Urban Health, 2019
A growing body of evidence illuminates how these Duwamish Valley neighborhoods are burdened with some of the worst health and air pollution disparities in the region. One study reported that childhood asthma hospitalization rates were twice the King County average and the highest among all the health planning areas for the region (US EPA 2013). These neighborhoods were also home to 13 of the city’s 22 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) reporting facilities and accounted for 84% of the city’s simulated point-source air toxics exposure risks in 2009 according to another study (Abel and White 2015). Likewise, a regional analysis of over 100 different air toxics across four sites in both Seattle and the industrial Port of Tacoma to the south found that potential cancer risks from diesel emissions were highest at the stationary air monitoring site just north of the Georgetown and South Park neighborhoods (PSCAA and UW 2010). More recently, a combined monitoring and modeling study of particulate matter (PM) air pollution predicted two diesel exhaust exposure hotspots in both Georgetown and South Park (Schulte et al. 2015). These results were corroborated by analyses in a mobile monitoring study of transportation related pollution in South Seattle (Larson et al. 2017). Finally, the EPA’s Environmental Justice Screening website (EJSCREEN) places the six census block-groups (CBGs) encompassing Georgetown and South Park in the 95th percentile of the National Air Toxics Assessment’s (NATA) Respiratory Hazard Index (US EPA 2016).
Indoor Air Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Aldehydes: FA levels in 87% of the facilities exceeded the California acute and chronic reference exposure guideline levels for noncancer health effects such as respiratory and sensory irritation (e.g., eyes, nose, throat, and lungs). In 2007, ARB implemented an Air Toxics Control Measure that limits FA emissions from building materials, furnishings, and other products made from pressed wood material such as plywood and particleboard. This should significantly reduce exposures in new homes in the future, but more actions are under consideration to further reduce FA exposures. Acetaldehyde levels did not exceed any California guidelines, but levels exceeded the U.S. guideline for respiratory and irritant effects in 30% of the facilities.214
Influence of Air Pollution on Skin
Published in Golara Honari, Rosa M. Andersen, Howard Maibach, Sensitive Skin Syndrome, 2017
Mobile source air toxics include any pollutants that are emitted from motor vehicle and nonroad engines. Examples of mobile source air toxics include lead, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, polycyclic organic matters, naphthalene, and diesel PM. Exposure to traffic-related air pollutants can affect multiple organs including the skin (12–14).
Carcinogenicity of ethylene oxide: key findings and scientific issues
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
Jennifer Jinot, Jason M. Fritz, Suryanarayana V. Vulimiri, Nagalakshmi Keshava
Occupational exposures can occur in worksites that produce or use EtO, including sterilization facilities and hospitals. Similarly, the main environmental sources of EtO are chemical plants, commercial sterilization operations, and medical facilities. Total releases to the environment reported to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Toxics Release Inventory have declined from over four million pounds in 1988 to about 0.3 million pounds in 2015 (U.S. EPA 2017). EtO in the atmosphere degrades primarily by reaction with hydroxyl radicals, with a half-life on the order of months. Based on EPA’s 2005 National-scale Air Toxics Assessment data, the average environmental exposure concentration of EtO in the United States from all sources (including concentrations near known sources) is 0.0062 μg/m3; the average background concentration excluding concentrations near known sources of EtO is 0.0044 μg/m3 (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata2005/tables.html).
Contributions of particulate and gas phases of simulated burn pit smoke exposures to impairment of respiratory function
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2023
Samuel A. Vance, Yong Ho Kim, Ingrid J. George, Janice A. Dye, Wanda C. Williams, Mette J. Schladweiler, M. Ian Gilmour, Ilona Jaspers, Stephen H. Gavett
Smoldering combustion conditions produced far greater concentrations of VOCs than did flaming conditions, with smoldering CB having the highest concentration of measured VOCs for any exposure group (∼11.4 ppmv total whole smoke and ∼13.7 ppmv filtered smoke, Table 1). CB also produced the highest levels of the measured air toxics (Figure 1, Supplementary Table S1), including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein (∼3.7, 3.6, and 0.8 ppmv, respectively). Filtration only slightly altered the MCE, CO, CO2, and VOC levels for all groups (Table 1, Supplementary Table S1). Total VOC levels in the filtered smoldering CB atmosphere were approximately 20% higher than in the whole CB atmosphere.
Recruitment of population-based controls for ALS cases from the National ALS Registry
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2021
Todd M. Bear, Angela M. Malek, Abigail Foulds, Judith Rager, Sarah E. Deperrior, John E. Vena, Theodore C. Larson, Paul Mehta, D. Kevin Horton, Evelyn O. Talbott
Linkage of existing U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) criteria air pollutant data and EPA National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) data by zip code to residential addresses of cases and controls recruited thus far and analysis of blood specimens are currently underway. Given the importance in this study of matching cases and controls on geography, we believe that the landline sample provides the best source for control recruitment, as many of the phone numbers can be linked to specific addresses and can be appended with household socio-demographic information.