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Prevention of Microbial Contamination during Manufacturing
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Air is compressed by either a lubricant-free or lubricant-injected air compressor. The air compressor is a contamination source for the following: water aerosols, condensed liquid water, liquid oil, oil aerosols, atmospheric dirt and microorganisms. After compression, the air is stored in a wet air receiver/reservoir or compressed air tank. The compressed air tank provides a wet, warm, dark environment in which mesophilic aerobic bacteria and fungi are able to survive and proliferate. It is not unusual to detect the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Candida albicans in a compressed air tank. The compressed air tank can potentially contaminate a distribution system with water vapor, microorganisms, atmospheric dirt, oil vapor, water aerosols, condensed liquid water, liquid oil, oil aerosols, rust and pipe scale. Furthermore, piping, fittings and controls that are located downstream of this compressed air tank are ideal harborage sites for microbial biofilms especially when they are fed with food grade compressor oils that inevitably migrate downstream (14).
Microbial environment of the manufacturing plant
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2006
Richard Mulhall, Edward Schmidt, Daniel K. Brannan
These systems deliver compressed air to work stations. The air can be used to blow away product residues, remove excess cleaning solutions, dry surfaces or components, and aid in applying foam. A compressor should have an air filtration device. Air compressors may be centralized, decentralized, portable, or fixed. The risk of creating aerosols and thus spreading the material throughout the plant should be balanced against usefulness.
Physiological and oxidative stress responses to intermittent hypoxia training in Sprague Dawley rats
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2020
Megha A. Nimje, Himadri Patir, Rajesh Kumar Tirpude, Prasanna K. Reddy, Bhuvnesh Kumar
The rats were exposed to normobaric hypoxia at 12% FiO2 for 4 h consecutively for 5 days in a normobaric hypoxia chamber (Hypoxicator-Jarvis 50 LN, Biostag Technologies). The chamber works on the principle of a hypoxicator that consumes surrounding air to compress it with the help of an air compressor. Compressed air is then passed through cooling air followed by pressure swing adsorption (PSA) based desiccant dryer to form dry air. Briefly, percentage of oxygen in the chamber was gradually decreased to 12% FiO2 (equivalent to 14,800 ft) and the animals were exposed for 4 h duration. After 4 hours of exposure, the animals were removed from the hypoxicator chamber after the ambient air inside the chamber reached 20.9% FiO2. This cycle was repeated for 5 days. For validating the role of IHT in altitude acclimatization, rats were further exposed to 8% FiO2 (equivalent to 25,000 ft) for 6 h under normobaric conditions. This study time point of 6 h duration for validating the IHT was followed based on the observations made in our previous study, where rats exposed to a simulated extreme altitude of 25,000 ft for 6 h duration resulted into an increase in edema and inflammation of the lung tissues of the rats.26
Efficacy of Different Hair and Skin Decontamination Strategies with Identification of Associated Hazards to First Responders
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2020
Joanne Larner, Adam Durrant, Philip Hughes, Devanya Mahalingam, Samantha Rivers, Hazem Matar, Elliot Thomas, Mark Barrett, Andreia Pinhal, Nevine Amer, Charlotte Hall, Toni Jackson, Valeria Catalani, Robert P. Chilcott
A custom-built, enclosed dosing chamber (1.2 m × 1.2 m × 1.8 m, total volume 2.592 m3) was constructed to expose a seated volunteer to a metered, aerosolized spray of simulant delivered from a spray gun fitted with a circular nozzle cap (Cobra 1, DeVilbiss UK). The simulant was contained in a kettle pressurized by an air compressor. The stool height was adjusted for each volunteer to ensure consistency of spray delivery from behind and overhead. This manner of administration was designed to reflect the likely scenario of exposure to a spray delivery—for example, as a result of an explosion. The chamber atmosphere was ventilated for 30 s before the volunteer left the chamber. Before each volunteer was dosed, the simulant delivery per actuation was confirmed gravimetrically.
Genotoxicity evaluation of carbon monoxide and 1,3-butadiene using a new joint technology: the in vitro γH2AX HCS assay combined with air–liquid interface system
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Sen Zhang, Huan Chen, An Wang, Yong Liu, Hongwei Hou, Qingyuan Hu
After incubating in a humidified incubator for 24 h, the medium was removed from newly confluent cells on the top of the transwell inserts, and both inner and basolateral side of inserts were washed twice with PBS. The transwell inserts were then transferred into the inner chamber of ALIS (as illustrated in Figure 1(B) (Beijing Huironghe, Beijing, China). Cells were exposed to the filtered the mixture gas of CO/BUT and air on the apical side of transwell inserts, while being nourished from their basolateral side. During exposure, the ALIS consisting of three glass medium-containing wells was kept at 37 °C by circulating water bath. The mixture gas was drawn into exposure wells through upper chambers at a flow rate of 20 mL/min/well. Air was supplied by an air compressor. Air supply and aerosol flow were controlled and monitored by a real-time monitoring system. The total flow rate inner and out through the delivery nozzles were 60 mL/min and 20 mL/min, respectively. The humidity of the mixture gas was at 5% RH. The pressure difference in and out the exposure chamber was at 40-50 Pa. Technical parameters mentioned above were all monitored by the professional software system online in ALIS.