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Single-Pot Processing
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Griet Van Vaerenbergh, Harald Stahl
The gas may be introduced into the unit through openings in the bottom of the vessel or through the mixing blades (Figure 11.6). Compressed air or nitrogen (mixed with or without air) are commonly used gases for these units. The rate of gas flow and the level of vacuum applied to the bowl can be adjusted for a specific product to optimize the drying conditions.
Prevention of Microbial Contamination during Manufacturing
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
In a manufacturing facility, it is common to find the following systems present: compressed air, vacuum and process water. Compressed air systems are mostly used to blow away product residues from manufacturing equipment, remove debris and insects from packaging components (e.g., jars and tubes), remove excess cleaning solutions and dry surfaces or components after cleaning or sanitization. Vacuum systems are either dry or wet. A wet vacuum system is used to remove excess or pooled cleaning solutions and water from equipment, floors and other surfaces. A dry vacuum system is used in those areas where dry ingredients are used or in the manufacturing of powder product formulations. A process water system is used to provide purified water for the manufacturing of product formulations and cleaning/sanitization of manufacturing equipment.
Physiology Related to Special Environments
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Decompression sickness occurs on ascent from a dive. The inspired gas pressures decrease as the diver ascends, and a partial pressure gradient for gases develops between the tissues and the alveoli. If the rate of ascent is rapid, the gases come out of solution in the tissues and form bubbles. The signs and symptoms of decompression sickness usually occur within 6 hours of decompression. Joint pain in the limbs is due to bubble formation in ligaments, tendons and joints. Large intravascular bubbles trapped in the pulmonary circulation cause dyspnoea and cough (‘chokes’). Bubbles may form in the spinal cord, leading to motor and sensory deficits. Bubbles in the vestibular apparatus produce vertigo (‘staggers’). Avascular necrosis of the head and neck of humerus, femur and upper tibia is a long-term adverse effect of decompression sickness. The process of ascending in several stages, with stops at depths where the ambient pressure is half that at the depth of the previous stop, can prevent decompression sickness. Breathing helium–oxygen mixtures rather than compressed air also reduces this risk.
A novel approach of external lubrication in a rotary tablet press using electrostatics
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Maren Zimmermann, Felix Michel, Jens Bartsch, Markus Thommes
The aim of this study is the implementation of an external lubrication system based on applying electric charge to the lubricant (magnesium stearate). In contrast to existing systems [16], the use of compressed air is avoided, as it might inhibit the precise application of the lubricant to the relevant surfaces. In the present study, the charging process of well-established lubricants is evaluated with respect to the stability of the accumulated charge and the maximum charge accumulation. An external lubrication device is integrated into a pilot scale rotary tablet press, and the performance of the production process is tested by analyzing critical quality attributes and process parameters. Consequently, this study serves as a proof-of-concept and highlights the feasibility of implementing the modified external lubrication system.
High flow nasal cannula in the pediatric intensive care unit
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Jason A. Clayton, Katherine N. Slain, Steven L. Shein, Ira M. Cheifetz
Children with respiratory distress or impending respiratory failure present a unique challenge in transporting from one facility to another. The principles of basic resuscitation necessitate the maintenance of an adequate airway. At times, elective endotracheal intubation is preferred given the risk of respiratory compromise during transport. Given the potential complications of intubation and invasive ventilation, other modalities such as noninvasive ventilation and HFNC are being evaluated as alternative treatment systems during inter-hospital transport. Transporting a patient with HFNC can be complicated. The heater and humidifier require a source of power and stable platform to ensure the system remains upright. In addition, it is conceivable, especially in larger patients requiring higher flows of gas, that ambulances may not have an adequate supply of oxygen or compressed air. Schlapbach and colleagues reviewed 793 infant transport cases and found a reduction in intubation and noninvasive ventilation corresponding to the added use of HFNC [67]. Importantly, the intubation rate during the first 24 hours of PICU admission did not change after the implementation and use of HFNC in the transport process.
Establishing an air-liquid interface exposure system for exposure of lung cells to gases
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Josée Guénette, Dalibor Breznan, Errol M Thomson
We installed a tee downstream of the air source (Oil-Free reciprocating Air Compressor, Ingersoll-Rand Model 2-OL5X5) to bleed off excess pressure. To address issues with kinked tubing resulting from moving the CelTox Sampler within its enclosure, we replaced most tubing with non-reactive Teflon tubing and stainless steel tubing. For tests requiring pre-humidified air, we directed compressed air to a bubble humidifier (Fideris Benchtop Model 909-151-1110) first. As the pump provided with the system included whetted surfaces not compatible with ozone, we replaced it with an ozone analyzer (Thermo-Environmental Model 49 C) that draws clean air at 1 L/min, supplemented with a small lab-grade pump to reach the recommended exhaust flow. Both were located outside of the heated enclosure.