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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Fosamprenavir is a prodrug of amprenavir and protease inhibitor used to treat HIV. It is an FDA pregnancy category C drug, and not recommended for use during pregnancy. The Antiviral Registry reports 109 infants born to women who use the drug during the first trimester of pregnancy, and the frequency of birth defects was not increased (Antiretroviral Registry, 2018).
Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Praziquantel (an isoquinolone) is the drug of choice for most trematode infections in pregnancy (43). It is well tolerated with minimal side effects (36). Studies of teratogeni-city have been negative in mice, rats, and rabbits (46,47). There are no reports of human malformations (pregnancy category B). Praziquantel is secreted in breastmilk at 29% of the maternal serum level (34). Praziquantel use is considered compatible with breastfeeding. In order to reduce potential infant exposure with single-dose maternal therapy, the mother can pump and discard the milk for 1 to 2 days to allow clearance of the drug.
Topical Corticosteroids
Published in Vineet Relhan, Vijay Kumar Garg, Sneha Ghunawat, Khushbu Mahajan, Comprehensive Textbook on Vitiligo, 2020
Deepika Pandhi, Vandana Kataria
When large amounts of TCS are used, birth defects have been reported in animals, but this effect has not been reported so far in humans. They are therefore categorized as Pregnancy Category C and recommended only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus [30]. During lactation, they are to be used with caution.
The mediating role of socioeconomic status on the relationship between pregnancy history and later-life cognition
Published in Climacteric, 2022
A. J. Giudicessi, U. G. Saelzler, A. H. Shadyab, A. I. B. Posis, E. E. Sundermann, S. J. Banks, M. S. Panizzon
Analyses were conducted on 1,016 women, mean age 67.31 (standard deviation [SD] = 5.36) years. Demographic characteristics by term pregnancy category are presented in Table 1. Twenty percent of the sample described themselves as Hispanic, 46% as White, 24% Black, 8.9% Asian and 1.4% multi-cultural. Eleven percent (N = 116) of participants reported never having a term pregnancy and 89% (N = 900) reported at least one term pregnancy. Approximately 37% of the sample reported experiencing at least one incomplete pregnancy. Significant differences between term pregnancy groups were found in the following variables: age, education level, PIR, BMI and medical conditions. Some of the strongest differences were found between term pregnancy groups in education level and PIR variables. For example, 41% of women who reported having no term pregnancies reported graduating college or above while only 6.4% of women with five or more term pregnancies reported having graduated college or above. Women who reported having no term pregnancies or one or two term pregnancies reported an average PIR of 2.78–2.95 (SD = 1.69) while those women who reported having five or more term pregnancies reported an average PIR of 1.68 (SD = 1.21). Demographic characteristics by term pregnancy category are presented in Table 1; to increase readability, the table is organized by number of term pregnancies in the following groups: 0, 1–2, 3–4 and 5 or more.
Pregnancy Outcomes in Wilson’s Disease Women: Single-Center Case Series
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Marcela Chagas Lima Mussi, Mateus Jorge Nardelli, Bruno Campos Santos, Eliabe Silva de Abreu, Fernanda Maria Farage Osório, Guilherme Grossi Lopes Cançado, Teresa Cristina Abreu Ferrari, Luciana Costa Faria, Claudia Alves Couto
Teratogenicity has not been clearly associated with zinc [13]. Therefore, it has been assigned by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) as a pregnancy category A, corresponding to a remote possibility of fetal abnormalities [14,15]. Brewer et al. [11] attribute the non-teratogenic aspect of zinc with a better copper supply to the fetus through its mechanism of action: as it reduces the uptake of copper from the gastrointestinal tract, copper is not absorbed and then lost in the feces. Thus, it can promote a negative copper balance, as the stored metal starts to be secreted in saliva and gastric secretion [1,16]. Such treatment is theoretically able to maintain stable copper levels in the blood, without peaks and troughs – that happens with the cyclic reduction of copper with chelating agents in which the major effect is to promote urinary excretion of copper.
Oxybutynin addiction: two case reports
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Harun Olcay Sonkurt, Ali Ercan Altınöz
An anticholinergic agent, oxybutynin has been widely used in general practice since 1972. The primary use cases of oxybutynin are overactive bladder syndrome and neurogenic overactive bladder. It is a safe and efficient agent with pregnancy category B, which means that animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2020). It has been approved for use in children five years of age and older by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (Jirschele & Sand, 2013). There are many forms and application types of oxybutynin: oral form, rectal and vaginal suppositories, transdermal patch and gel, intravesical administration, vaginal gel and vaginal ring. The central nervous system side effects of oxybutynin are well known. As it can cross the blood-brain barrier, it can cause adverse effects on cognitive functions (Jirschele & Sand, 2013). In a study carried out with oxybutynin users with enuresis, it was found that oxybutynin can cause drowsiness, cognitive impairment and sometimes hallucinations (Ferrara et al., 2001).