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Amniotic Fluid Abnormalities
Published in Asim Kurjak, CRC Handbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2019
Oligohydramnios is a term which describes a gravid uterus with a very small amount of amniotic fluid. There is still no uniform definition of this finding. Its presence has been suggested by a total intrauterine volume 2 SD below the mean, as well by a scarcity of fluid in the area of the fetal arms and legs, which produces an image of crowding.10 Manning et al.13 have defined oligohydramnios if the largest pocket of amniotic fluid measures less than 1 cm in the broadest diameter. The criterion was later revised upward to 2 cm.14 The third and probably most widely used method is subjective of amniotic fluid quantity. Even the less experienced ultrasonographer can easily recognize significant oligohydramnios. Of course, in borderline cases, the reproducibility (and value) of such an assessment is doubtful.
Rheumatic disorders
Published in Anne Lee, Sally Inch, David Finnigan, Therapeutics in Pregnancy and Lactation, 2019
Prostaglandins also maintain the patency of the renal artery. Taken in pregnancy prostaglandin inhibitors may lead to reduced fetal renal blood flow and a resultant fall in urine output. Oligohydramnios (a reduction in amniotic fluid) may result with subsequent fetal malformations.22–26
Examination A
Published in Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman, The New DRCOG Examination, 2017
Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman
Oligohydramnios is defined as a reduction of fluid surrounding the fetus, which is seen on ultrasound as a pool depth of amniotic fluid less than 2 cm. (Normal range 2–10 cm, fluid 400–1500 mL.) It is common in pregnancies that have progressed beyond term. Causes include failing placental function: placental abruption, twin to twin transfusion syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) causing immune mediated infarcts in the placenta. Maternal causes include: maternal dehydration, high blood pressure, diabetes, chronic hypoxia, drug induced (e.g. indomethacin and ACE inhibitors). Other fetal urinary tract malformations (e.g. cystic dysplasia and ureteral atresia) can also lead to oligohydramnios.
Cerebroplacental doppler ratio and perinatal outcome in late-onset foetal growth restriction
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Ozge Kahramanoglu, Oya Demirci, Mucize Eric Ozdemir, Agnese Maria Chiara Rapisarda, Munip Akalin, Ali Sahap Odacilar, Hayal Ismailov, Gizem Elif Dizdarogullari, Aydin Ocal
The data on maternal age, parity, body mass index, gestational age at diagnosis, foetal sex, obstetric complications such as hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes mellitus, amniotic fluid volume, premature rupture of membranes, gestational age at delivery, delivery mode, Caesarean indication, neonatal birth weight, Apgar scores, cord pH and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission were collected prospectively. Oligohydramnios was defined as no vertical pocket of amniotic fluid more than 2 cm or an amniotic fluid index 5 cm or less. Foetal distress was defined as suspected foetal hypoxia which was observed indirectly by electronic foetal heart rate monitoring. Adverse perinatal outcome (APO) was defined as the presence of one of the following: foetal distress, NICU admission, an Apgar score of less than 7 at 5 min after birth, cord pH less than 7.1, and neonatal death. Foetal distress was defined as the presence of one of the following: baseline heart rate of <100 or >170 bpm, persistence of heart rate variability of <5 bpm for more than 40 minutes, severe variable decelerations, prolonged decelerations, or late decelerations.
Ongoing pregnancies in patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: adverse obstetric outcomes
Published in Human Fertility, 2019
Mauro Cozzolino, Francesca Rizzello, Chiara Riviello, Chiara Romanelli, Maria Coccia Elisabetta
Pre-eclampsia was gestational hypertension with presence of proteinuria (300 mg/24 hours) (Von Dadelszen & Magee, 2014). Oligohydramnios was defined as the detection of amniotic fluid less than 5 cm, in at least two measurements, measuring the maximum pocket and without the presence of the umbilical cord of each of the four quadrants in which the abdomen is ideally divided (Rossi & Prefumo, 2013). Preterm birth was defined as birth before 37 weeks (Suhag, Saccone, & Berghella, 2015). SGA was defined a newborn weighing less than the tenth percentile in comparison of the birthweight with that expected for the same gestational age and sex (Zhang, Merialdi, Platt, & Kramer, 2010). Placental abruption was the separation of the placenta from its site of implantation before delivery, presenting with antepartum haemorrhage, the diagnosis was based on clinical symptoms confirmed with ultrasound. Hepatic cholestasis was defined by the presence of pruritus, in the third trimester of pregnancy, and elevated fasting serum bile acids >10 μmol/L and/or elevated serum aminotransferases (Wikström Shemer, Marschall, Ludvigsson, & Stephansson, 2013).
Megacystis Microcolon Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome in Which a Different De Novo Actg2 Gene Mutation was Detected: A Case Report
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2018
Elif Ünver Korğalı, Amine Yavuz, Cemile Ece Çağlar Şimşek, Cengiz Güney, Hande Küçük Kurtulgan, Burak Başer, Mehmet Haydar Atalar, Hatice Özer, Hatice Reyhan Eğilmez
The female/male ratio in MMIHS patients has been determined as 2.4/1 and life expectancy has been reported to be shorter in males (1,5,17). It has been stated in many studies, as in the current case, that antenatal diagnosis for MMIHS is difficult. The most frequent findings in fetal USG are large bladder (88%) and hydronephrosis (10%), as was the case in the current patient (4,18). The presence of polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios has been reported in 33% and 7% of patients, respectively. Amniotic fluid is seen in adequate amounts in the other 60% of patients, as in the current case. In addition to fetal USG, fetal MRI images and enzyme analysis made of amniotic fluid also contribute to the diagnosis of MMIHS (1). When the intraabdominal cystic structure was first detected in the 21st week on the fetal USG and MRI of the current patient, it was thought to be megacystis. However, the definitive diagnosis was made with postnatal USG/MRI and barium rectal X-ray. Only 9 cases with antenatal diagnosis with a decision for termination have been reported in the literature (1,4).