China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Normal Cellular Components: Proteases, Nucleic Acids, and Antioxidant Enzymes
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
The use of proteases to reduce swelling, bruising, and inflammation associated with surgical procedures has been well-studied. Many types of surgeries have been examined, and for purposes of illustration, a nonexhaustive review of episiotomy surgery repair will be considered, along with several reports on hand fractures. Episiotomy surgery is well defined and its recovery course is routine. Thus, episiotomy surgery repair is suited for experimental investigations. Pollack studied 69 episiotomy patients given either placebo or papain in a double-blind study.1129 The protease group showed significantly greater incidence of marked and moderate responses for pain, itching, edema, and erythema (86 vs. 39%). At time of discharge after 6 days, 59% of protease patients were completely recovered, compared to 21% of placebo patients.
Labour and birth care
Published in Helen Baston, Midwifery, 2020
As the advocate for woman and facilitator of spontaneous birth, the midwife aims to avoid the use of interventions that are not evidence based. There are many interventions that were routinely practised in the belief that they had a beneficial impact on maternal health. For example, in the past, it was believed that routine episiotomy would protect the woman from severe vaginal trauma; however, systematic reviews of the evidence has now disputed the efficacy of such practice, as it does not reduce perineal pain, incontinence or painful intercourse (Jiang et al. 2017).
The art and science of surgery
Published in Lois N. Magner, Oliver J. Kim, A History of Medicine, 2017
The use of anesthesia, from ether and chloroform to twilight sleep, increased the status of the obstetrician. Twilight sleep was often combined with the prophylactic forceps operation, episiotomy, and other routine surgical interventions. Episiotomy was promoted as part of obstetric practice in the 1920s, supposedly as a means of preventing serious lacerations of the perineum during childbirth, but probably its main effect was to make it easier to insert forceps and expedite delivery. By the 1980s, however, researchers began to realize that the risks associated with episiotomy were significantly greater than its alleged benefits. Other forms of surgery on the female reproductive organs that were common in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries included “normal ovariotomy” and clitoridectomy. Gynecologists claimed that these operations could correct the behavior of women exhibiting signs of insanity, neurosis, mental instability, menstrual irregularities, and so forth.
Relationship Between the Genital Self-Image and the Sexual Quality of Life of Primiparous Women in the Postpartum Period in Heterosexual Couples
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2022
Consistent with other studies (Botros et al., 2006; Holanda et al., 2014), no difference was determined between women who underwent an episiotomy and women who did not in terms of the genital self-image and sexual quality of life (p > .05). However, in Jawed-Wessel et al.’s study (2017), the genital self-image of the women who gave birth vaginally was lower than that of the women who delivered by cesarean section. In the same study, cesarean delivery is thought to have a protective effect on postpartum sexual activity-related problems since it reduces some traumas in the genital area (Jawed-Wessel et al., 2017). This result of our study may have stemmed from a few reasons. Whether the women experienced traumatic birth and difficult delivery during normal delivery was not questioned. The women we investigated may have had an easy and comfortable birth. Limited and very few episiotomies may have been performed. The episiotomy incision-related wound may have healed easily and quickly. While the episiotomy wound healed, it may have healed without infection. We did not question any of these, we just checked whether the women underwent episiotomy or not. In future studies, all these can be investigated. These contradictory results suggest that more research should be conducted on this issue.
Effects of the time of pregnant women’s admission to the labor ward on the labor process and interventions
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Melek Balcik Colak, Hafize Ozturk Can
Although the rate of episiotomy was higher in the patients admitted to the hospital in the active phase, the stage the pregnant woman is admitted to the hospital was of no importance in terms of undergoing episiotomy. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant. Episiotomy is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in childbirth clinics, perhaps the first. In various studies conducted in Turkey, the rate of episiotomy ranged between 65% and 71% in all births occurred in hospitals and between 90% and 97% in primiparous women (Kütük et al, 2013). In Rodriguez et al.’s study (Rodriguez, Arenas, Osorio, Mendez, & Zuleta, 2008), 79% of the participants in the routine episiotomy group and 70% of the participants in the limited episiotomy group underwent episiotomy. Our review of the literature demonstrated that the rate of episiotomy increased year-on-year, and thus the childbirth intervention rates increased. In a study conducted in a city located in the east of Turkey, about 90% of women with normal labor underwent enema, induction and episiotomy (Özcan & Aslan, 2015). Pregnant women undergoing routine and disturbing practices such as enema, perineal shaving, IV infusion and episiotomy during the intrapartum period feel irritated (Uzel & Yanıkkerem, 2018). According to the systematic compilation by Basevi & Lavender (2014) in the Cochrane Library, perineal shaving was performed in 14.3% and 6% of the participants, respectively. However, perineal shaving is not recommended before vaginal births (World Health Organization, 2018).
Using Levine’s conservation model in postpartum care: a randomized controlled trial
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Participants for this study were recruited from the women admitted to the delivery room at a hospital in a city located in the east of Turkey. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) being between the ages of 18 and 35; (ii) being primiparae; (iii) being able to speak, read, and write in Turkish; (iv) giving a full term (between weeks 38 and 42) vaginal delivery; (v) having a hemoglobin value of at least 10mg/dl; (vi) having experienced risky conditions during gestation or delivery; (vii) having undergone mediolateral episiotomy (because episiotomy impairs the integrity of a tissue. Healing such episiotomy incisions as soon as possible is quite important to conserve structural integrity). The exclusion criteria were as follows: (i) being lost to follow-up; (ii) being unable to communicate; (iii) withdrawing from the study voluntarily. In this study, seven women were excluded: because three moved to another city, one was unable to communicate, and three wished to withdraw from the study, as reported in the participant flow diagram (Figure 2). In the final analysis, 110 women were included.