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Trunk Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Rowan Sherwood
Macalister (1875) notes that Charvet found the absence of rectus abdominis in ectopia vesicae. Prune belly syndrome is associated with the partial reduction or complete absence of this muscle (Adebonojo 1973). Bersu and Ramirez-Castro (1977) and Aziz (1979) note that in individuals with trisomy 18, there may be poor development of the tendinous intersections of rectus abdominis. Diastasis recti can also occur in individuals with trisomy 18 (Aziz 1979; Roberts et al. 2016) and was observed in a female individual with XO/XY mosaicism and partial trisomy 9p (Klasen et al. 1981).
Sly disease/β-glucuronidase deficiency/mucopolysaccharidosis VII
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
The original patient [1] was characterized by shortness of stature, relatively severe skeletal abnormalities as compared with other mucopolysaccharidoses, and relatively mild impairment of cognitive function. He was first seen at seven weeks for metatarsus adductus and recognized as having unusual facial features. The nasal bridge was depressed, the nostrils were anteverted, the maxillae prominent, and the eyes were wide and had epicanthal folds. The abdomen was protuberant and the liver palpable 4 cm below the costal margin. The spleen was at 3 cm. There was a long, diastasis recti and an umbilical hernia. There was puffy skin over the dorsa of the hands and feet. A thoracolumbar gibbus had already developed. Short stature had been evident at 18 months, and the head circumference reached the 98th percentile by five months. The gibbus increased, and he developed a pigeon breast with a sharp angle between the body of the sternum pointing forward and the xyphoid pointing backward. He developed bilateral inguinal hernias. Hepatomegaly increased.
Simpson–Golabi–Behmel Syndrome
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Multiple congenitcal anomalies include (i) congenital heart disease (septal defects, pulmonic stenosis, aortic coarctation, patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, cardiomyopathy); (ii) conduction defects (transient QT interval prolongation), arrhythmias, and ECG abnormalities (12%); (iii) supernumerary nipples; (iv) diastasis recti/umbilical hernia; (v) diaphragmatic hernia (<10%); (vi) renal dysplasia, nephromegaly, hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and duplicated ureters; (vii) cryptorchidism, hypospadias, bifid scrotum, hydrocele, inguinal hernia; (viii) gastrointestinal anomalies (pyloric ring, Meckel diverticulum, intestinal malrotation, hepatosplenomegaly, pancreatic hyperplasia of islets of Langerhans, choledochal cysts, duplication of the pancreatic duct, polysplenia); (ix) skeletal anomalies (vertebral fusion, scoliosis, pectus excavatum, rib anomalies, winged scapula, congenital hip dislocation, small sciatic notches, flared iliac wings, extra lumbar vertebrae, spina bifida occulta, coccygeal skin tag, bony appendage); (x) hand anomalies (brachydactyly, cutaneous syndactyly, postaxial polydactyly, clinodactyly, large hands, broad thumbs); (xi) neurologic anomalies (hypotonia, absent primitive reflexes, high-pitched cry in neonates, seizures, agenesis of the corpus callosum, Chiari malformation and hydrocephalus, aplasia of the cerebellar vermis) (Figure 97.1) [11–14].
Temporal trends in trunk flexor endurance and intra-abdominal pressure in postpartum women
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2021
Russell Hendrycks, Meng Yang, Robert Hitchcock, Monika Leitner, Stefan Niederauer, Ingrid E. Nygaard, Xiaoming Sheng, Janet M. Shaw
The limitations of our study include the use of only one measure of trunk muscle function. Employing several measures including dynamic and static muscle actions may be more helpful in understanding trunk recovery in postpartum (Hills, Graham, and McLean, 2018). Increased inter-recti distance, an indicator of diastasis recti abdominis, not measured in our participants, has been associated with reduced abdominal muscle function in postpartum women (Liaw et al., 2011). However, a recent report did not find differences in trunk flexor endurance in women with and without diastasis rectus abdominis at one year postpartum (Hills, Graham, and McLean, 2018). Lastly, our final population of women who completed both clinical visits were significantly different in certain key characteristics than women who were lost to follow-up, withdrawn or pregnant and therefore not available for the final clinical visit. Therefore, our results must be taken cautiously given the potential bias in our final sample.
Physiotherapist management of a patient with spastic perineal syndrome and subsequent constipation: a case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2021
Shankar Ganesh, Mritunjay Kumar
The initially prescribed intervention (i.e. puborectalis relaxation exercises) did not provide the intended benefits. A detailed neuromuscular examination was undertaken. There was no history of any red flags such as bleeding from the anus, anemia, weight loss, fever, and presence of blood in the stools. The patient had a symmetrical diaphragmatic type of breathing, and the dynamic thoracic perimeter measurement in an erect upright position at the axillary region, and the xiphoid region showed normal thoracic mobility (3 and 4 cms expansion respectively). Examination showed the absence of diastasis recti and abdominal muscle spasms. The strength of hip abductors (left side) was graded as 4/5 on manual muscle testing and the other muscles were graded 5/5. Perineal examinations showed no gaping in the anus and neurological examination revealed intact perineal sensation and anocutaneous reflex (George and Borello-France, 2017). Palpation showed significant tenderness around the rectal region.
Diastasis recti abdominis and pelvic floor dysfunction in peri- and postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Beatriz Souza Harada, Thainá Tolosa De Bortolli, Letícia Carnaz, Marta Helena Souza De Conti, Adoniz Hijaz, Patricia Driusso, Gabriela Marini
Diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) is characterized by an excessive separation between both recti abdominis muscles. It can occur anywhere along the linea alba, from the xiphoid process to the public bone, and is quantified by the inter-recti distance (IRD) (Axer, von Keyserlingk, and Prescher, 2001; Mota, Pascoal, and Bø, 2015). A study showed that DRA was found in 65% of menopausal women (Spitznagle, Leong, and Van Dillen, 2007).