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Breech presentation
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Randall C. Floyd, Martin L. Gimovsky
Skilled anesthetic support is essential for safe breech management. In the past, practitioners commonly used pudendal nerve blocks in trials of labor, with a general anesthetic supplement in about 10% of cases, if required (2). Epidural anesthesia is by far the superior method and is the current first choice for many clinicians (48). For the small breech fetus or the footling breech presentation, adequate anesthesia helps to dampen maternal bearing-down efforts, retarding spontaneous membrane rupture and involuntary pushing. This also decreases the risk of umbilical cord or fetal body prolapse through an incompletely dilated cervix (48). The absence of such involuntary bearing-down efforts is also desirable when the clinician’s intent is to deliver a markedly premature fetus in caul.
Cultural aspects of development
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
Sometimes a baby is born with what appears to be a shroud or veil over its head. In earlier times, superstitious significance was attached to this. In fact, this caul is simply the torn fetal membranes that happen to drape over the head of the newborn. It is of no significance.
Normal Childbirth
Published in Audrey Eccles, Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Tudor and Stuart England, 2018
A number of midwives’ customs and beliefs about the birth were already regarded as old wives’ tales by the seventeenth century. The belief that a child born in a caul would be fortunate, or according to others unfortunate, was all but universal, and the caul was often dried and preserved in a box, although others warned midwives never to keep the caul for sorcerers to make use of. The notion was dismissed as ‘Old Wifes Frivolous Clatters, or Crafty Fictions some Midwifes uses to amuse silly Credulous People’, by most writers, although Mrs Sharp admitted to a belief in it.
Emotional face recognition in individuals withattention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review article
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2018
Khatereh Borhani, Vahid Nejati
In this respect, two theories were developed for explanation of ADHD. On the one hand, as mentioned earlier, a top-down theory indicating that the problems in ADHD are related to the deficit in cold executive functioning especially inhibitory control for monitoring, controlling, and processing the environmental stimuli (Barkley, 1997; Castellanos & Tannock, 2002). On the other hand, a bottom-up theory, emphasizing more on hot EFs, which has been called motivational dysfunction hypothesis, stating that the difficulties in ADHD is related to the abnormal valence attribution system and unadjusted arousal caused by emotional stimuli (Haenlein & Caul, 1987). Therefore, hyper arousal to some environmental stimuli and over valuing them leads to the inability of a normal EF system to control them (Keune, Wiedemann, Schneidt, & Schönenberg, 2015; Martel, 2009). In other words, based on the latter theory, ADHD is not only a combination of deficit in attention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, but also a deficit of motivation (Nigg, 2006; Nigg & Casey, 2005) and many theories such as the dynamic developmental theory (Sagvolden, Johansen, Aase, & Russell, 2005), the dopamine transfer deficit theory (Tripp & Wickens, 2009), and multiple pathway model (Sonuga-Barke, 2005) confirm this matter.