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Test Paper 2
Published in Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike, Get Through, 2017
Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike
Split cord malformations (SCMs) are relatively rare forms of occult spinal dysraphism and tethered spinal cord syndrome. SCMs are of two types. Type I consists of two hemicords, each contained within its own dural sheath and separated by a median bony spur, and Type II consists of two hemicords housed in a single dural tube separated by a fibrous median septum.
Effect of untethering on occult tethered cord syndrome: a systematic review
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2022
Hamid Rezaee, Ehsan Keykhosravi
All the papers published in three electronic databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science, were searched for the purposes of this study. The searching process started on 15 October and lasted until 9 November 2020. The search strategy was using keywords, including ‘occult tethered spinal cord syndrome’, ‘tethered spinal cord syndrome’ and ‘filum terminale syndrome’ in combination with ‘urodynamic testing’, ‘neurological dysfunction’, ‘pain’, ‘urological dysfunction’, and ‘orthopedic symptoms’. This process was performed by two researchers who were continually in contact with each other to discuss the selection of databases, selection of papers, eligibility criteria, topic issues, and data extraction.
MRI characteristics of the fetal tethered spinal cord: a comparative study
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Yan Sun, Gang Ning, Xuesheng Li, Haibo Qu, Jiangang Zeng
A tethered spinal cord can be associated with myelomeningocele, meningocele, split cord malformation, tight filum terminale (FT), lipomas, dermal sinus tracts, etc. This condition can lead to oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, and ischemic changes to neurons. Ultimately, a tethered spinal cord can give rise to multiple functional disorders, including musculoskeletal, neurological, urological, or gastrointestinal abnormalities [1–5], which are collectively referred to as tethered cord syndrome (TCS), also known as “tight FT syndrome” or “tethered spinal cord syndrome” [6–8].
Congenital Spinal Lipomatous Malformations. Part 2. Differentiation from Selected Closed Spinal Malformations
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2021
A medullary spinal cord may present with the tethered spinal cord syndrome that classically includes back pain, leg pain, lower extremity weakness, and urological symptoms [15, 16]. Intradural sacral spinal lipomas have been identified causing tethering of retained medullary cords. Other associated lesions include meningoceles, a lumbar nonterminal myelocystocele, diastematomyelia (a closed neural tube defect), an arteriovenous vascular malformation within the medullary cord, and the Currarino syndrome [11, 12].