China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Autism
Published in Nichola Tyler, Anne Sheeran, Working with Autistic People in the Criminal Justice and Forensic Mental Health Systems, 2022
DSM-5 includes sensory sensitivity as one of the key characteristics of autism. Research indicates that atypical sensory experience may occur in as many as 90% of autistic individuals and affects every sensory modality (Robertson & Baron-Cohen, 2017). In some cases, the person experiences a ‘sensory avalanche’, contributing to a meltdown or to sensory fascination (Smith & Sharp, 2013). Specific sensory experiences that are extremely aversive may form the basis of the development of a phobia (Ozsivadjian et al., 2012). We have yet to achieve an understanding of why autistic people have atypical patterns of sensory sensitivity (Crane et al., 2009; Tavassoli et al., 2014) based on neural foundations and explanations (Marco et al., 2011). Sensitivities may be to environmental stimuli unnoticed by others (such as perfume, flickering lights, or sounds). In contrast, there may be a lack of perception of low levels of ordinary bodily sensations, or pain and discomfort. Sensitivity to external sensory experiences may be heightened, alongside reduced sensitivity to internal experiences (interoception), including the perception and recognition of internal emotional states.
The cavovarus foot
Published in Maneesh Bhatia, Essentials of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 2021
Documentation of the power of all the muscles of the leg (tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, gastrocsoleus complex, EHL and extensor digitorum longus) is extremely important, with a particular focus on tibialis anterior. Reduced proprioception is believed to be the first sensory modality to be affected in the sensory examination.
Control of Movement and Posture
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The vestibular system provides information about head position with respect to gravity as well as the direction and speed of movement (Section 12.2.5.3). The visual system provides information on the position of the body and its movement with respect to the environment. Information provided by a single sensory modality, however, is often insufficient or ambiguous, so more than one sensory modality is used. The vestibular system, for example, does not provide information about the trunk, independently of the head. The visual system may provide ambiguous information, as when sitting in a stationary vehicle and watching another vehicle move, which gives the sensation of movement of one’s vehicle. Moreover, one sensory modality may be more important in a given situation. The visual system is of prime importance when walking on uneven terrain and avoiding obstacles.
Relationship between Sensory Profile and Self-Perceived Quality of Life in People with Schizophrenia: An Exploratory Study
Published in Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 2023
Alfredo Sanchis-Asensi, José Matías Triviño-Juárez, Hortensia Sanchis-Almiñana, Dulce Romero-Ayuso
Participant characteristics were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. To study the differences in the mean scores, the unpaired Student’s t-test was used. To determine the effect size, Cohen’s delta was used, considering 0.2 a small effect, 0.5 a medium effect and 0.8 a large effect size. For the transformation of the direct WHOQOL-BREF scores, the syntax provided by the WHOQOL group of the WHO and the one provided by the University of Washington were used (http://depts.washington.edu/seaqol/docs/Wq_bref.txt). Regarding A/ASP, to analyze whether there were differences between groups in the processing characteristics of each sensory modality, we compared the total direct scores obtained with the items of taste/smell processing, movement processing, visual processing, tactile processing, activity level, activity processing, and auditory processing. The correlation between physical health, psychological health, social relations, and the environment dimensions with the different sensory profiles was studied with Pearson’s correlation coefficient. A stepwise linear regression analysis was performed, with those variables of the sensory profile and the dimensions of quality of life that showed a statistically significant correlation. The statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (version 27.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The level of statistical significance was set at a p-value <.05 (bilateral).
The medieval cell doctrine: Foundations, development, evolution, and graphic representations in printed books from 1490 to 1630
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
In Fludd’s figure concerning the medieval cell doctrine, the leftmost set of nested spheres external to the body is labeled Mundus sensibilis (the sensible world) and includes various elements, progressing sequentially inward, Lux Seu Ignis (light or fire), Aer tenuis (thin air), Aer grossus (dense air), Aqua (water), and Terra (earth). Each of these is linked to a sensory modality: Tactus (touch) with earth; Gustus (taste) with water; Odoratus (smell) with dense air; Visus (vision) with light or fire; and Auditus (hearing) with thin air. The next set of nested spheres external to the body is labeled Mundus imaginabilis (the imaginable world), and it has a corresponding set of progressively smaller spheres, like layers of an onion or a conceptual set of Russian matryoshka dolls, that correspond to shadows of the elements: Umbra Ignis (the shadow of fire), Umbra Aeris tinuis (the shadow of thin air), Umbra Aeris gross (the shadow of dense air), Umbra Aquæ (the shadow of water), and Umbra Terræ (the shadow of earth). The sensible and imaginable worlds are connected to the sensitive and imaginative souls, respectively, which interact in the anterior portion (cell or ventricle) of the brain. Neither of these sources can be trusted, because the senses can deceive, and because imaginations have no substance (Godwin 2019).
Parental report of cognitive and social-emotionality traits in school-age children with autism and Williams syndrome
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2022
Philip T. Lai, Rowena Ng, Ursula Bellugi
For Absorption, both clinical groups scored significantly higher than their ND peers, reflecting increased engagement in sensory and imaginative experiences observed by caregivers. Tavassoli et al. (2016) found large percentages of ASD children with sensory hyperreactivity and sensory-seeking behaviors especially in the visual domain. In WS, sensory seeking behaviors have been reported by parents and hypothesized as a measure to regulate hyper-arousal (Riby et al.2013). It should also be noted that both hyperreactivity and hyporeactivity have been reported in ASD (Schaaf and Lane 2015), and is dependent on the sensory modality being observed. Taken together, both disorders are commonly associated with unusual sensory experiences; however, many cognitive traits were not observed across those with WS versus HFA, highlighting social-affective or potentially social-cognitive functional differences may underlie their observed social presentation.