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Nervous System
Published in Sarah Armstrong, Barry Clifton, Lionel Davis, Primary FRCA in a Box, 2019
Sarah Armstrong, Barry Clifton, Lionel Davis
Ganglia form the sympathetic trunk – a nerve chain that extends from base of skull to coccyx and lies 2–3 cm lateral to the vertebrae Cervical ganglia – superior, middle and inferiorThoracic ganglia – usually 12 to splanchnic and intercostal nervesLumbar ganglia – usually 4Sacral ganglia – usually 4
Sexual Dysfunction
Published in Peter Sagar, Andrew G. Hill, Charles H. Knowles, Stefan Post, Willem A. Bemelman, Patricia L. Roberts, Susan Galandiuk, John R.T. Monson, Michael R.B. Keighley, Norman S. Williams, Keighley & Williams’ Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon, 2019
A small number of fibres pass out of the sacral ganglia and either join the HNs directly, join the IHP directly or pass down under the presacral fascia and provide autonomic innervation to the somatic and visceral elements of the anorectal junction (Figure 6.1).
Anatomy and Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
Published in Kenneth J. Broadley, Autonomic Pharmacology, 2017
It is the smooth muscle of predominantly arterioles that receive the autonomic innervation, since these vessels control the peripheral resistance and hence blood pressure. The innervation is usually confined to the outer adventitial layer so that only the outer smooth muscle cells are directly innervated. Arteries are innervated but capillaries are not, and veins are only sparsely supplied. Most of the vascular sympathetic fibres originate from the ganglia of the sympathetic chain, the postganglionic fibres returning to the spinal nerve via the grey rami communicantes before passing to regions adjacent to the spinal segment (Figure 1.4). Head and sacral regions are supplied via the cervical ganglia and lower sacral ganglia, respectively, while visceral regions also receive preganglionic fibres in the splanchnic nerve which synapse in peripheral ganglia of the coeliac and mesenteric plexuses.
Rates of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 in Ocular and Peri-ocular Specimens
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
There is evidence that the percentage of individuals with seropositivity to HSV-2 has increased over the past several decades in the United States.13 However, it is unclear whether this has led to any increase in the frequency of HSV-2 ocular infections due to a lack of published studies on this subject. Interestingly, the rate of HSV-1 as a cause of genital disease has also increased in multiple studies throughout the world, suggesting a changing epidemiology of HSV infections.2,3,14 While HSV-1 causes most orofacial infections and HSV-2 causes most genital herpes infections, it has been reported that both HSV-1 and HSV-2 have been identified in similar numbers in the trigeminal and sacral ganglia at autopsy.15 Thus, it has been presumed that local host factors may be responsible for the predilection of HSV-1 and HSV-2 for the facial and genital areas, respectively.1 Further studies may help elucidate the exact mechanisms responsible for the predilection of HSV-1 for the orofacial area.
Herpes zoster and simplex reactivation following COVID-19 vaccination: new insights from a vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS) database analysis
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Michele Gringeri, Vera Battini, Gianluca Cammarata, Giulia Mosini, Greta Guarnieri, Chiara Leoni, Marco Pozzi, Sonia Radice, Emilio Clementi, Carla Carnovale
Conversely, HHV-3 (Varicella Zoster virus, VZV) manifests as a painful vesicular eruption along a dermatomal distribution, known as Herpes Zoster; its most frequent complication is post-herpetic neuralgia and in children (<12 years old) it is the causative agent of chickenpox [2–4]. After the primary infection, both HSV and VZV stay latent by persisting in sensory neurons (trigeminal or sacral ganglia for HSV; mainly dorsal root, enteric or trigeminal ganglia for VZV). The reactivation is mainly triggered by a secondary immunodeficiency state, either age-related or iatrogenic (induced by drugs, physical or emotional stress, tissue damage and exposure to UV light), or due to concomitant diseases (e.g. HIV, cancer) [5–10].
INCIDENCE OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS KERATITIS AND OTHER OCULAR DISEASE: GLOBAL REVIEW AND ESTIMATES
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Ian McCormick, Charlotte James, Nicky J Welton, Philippe Mayaud, Katherine M. E Turner, Sami L Gottlieb, Allen Foster, Katharine J Looker
HSV-1 is predominately transmitted by the oral-oral route, establishes latency in the trigeminal ganglion, and is associated with orolabial, ocular, and neurological conditions.4 HSV-1 is also an increasingly frequent cause of genital infection, through oral sex.5,6 HSV-2 is almost exclusively a sexually transmitted infection which establishes latency in the sacral ganglia and is associated with genital ulcer disease, but can occasionally cause extra-genital infection.2