China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Surgery of the Shoulder
Published in Timothy W R Briggs, Jonathan Miles, William Aston, Heledd Havard, Daud TS Chou, Operative Orthopaedics, 2020
Nick Aresti, Omar Haddo, Mark Falworth
This procedure is rarely performed as an isolated open procedure as it is most commonly performed arthroscopically or in association with a larger open procedure. As such, the skin incision will be dictated by the other procedure; however, if it is to be performed as an isolated open procedure, a 2–3 cm anterosuperior incision is made over the anterior acromion. The incision is continued through subcutaneous fat and down to the deltoid fascia. The anterior deltoid raphe is split in the line of its fibres. The anterior acromion is located and then an osteoperiosteal flap raised such that a strong deltoid repair can be performed at the end of the procedure.
Tumours of the oral cavity and pharynx
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Kunwar S S Bhatia, Ann D King, Robert Hermans
The oral tongue includes the tip, the ventral surface (undersurface), the dorsal surface, and the two lateral borders. The tongue muscles are subdivided into intrinsic or extrinsic groups, with the latter having external bony attachments. Each half of tongue receives a separate blood supply and innervation, and they are united by an avascular fibrofatty midline raphe (lingual septum). The root of the tongue comprises the genial muscles and the septum below the floor of the mouth mucosa.
Syringomyelia and Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Published in Jacques Corcos, Gilles Karsenty, Thomas Kessler, David Ginsberg, Essentials of the Adult Neurogenic Bladder, 2020
There are a handful of theories that explain why syringomyelia occurs. The dysraphic theory was one of the first theories attempting to correctly identify syringomyelia's cause of formation. The theory states that a closing defect prevents the neural tube from sealing between the 21st and 28th days of embryonal life. This embryopathy would arise from abnormal constitution of the posterior raphe. Bony anomalies associated with cervico-occipital transition and Chiari malformation would have no physiopathologic link. A more recent theory was formed by Gardner in the 1950s. In his theory, Gardner stated that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays a pathogenic role in the formation of syringomyelia. This primitive embryologic disorder comprises a lack or late opening of the roof orifices of the fourth ventricle that links the great cistern with the perimedullary and pericerebral subarachnoid spaces. Thus, a CSF hyperpressure is responsible for downward dilation of the spinal central canal. Individuals with Chiari malformations experience a similar hyperpressure, as the cerebellar tonsils extend into the foramen magnum, which restricts the flow of CSF. This hyperpressure can cause physical pain and neurologic damage over time as the resulting syrinx extends down the canal.
A Systematic Review of the Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Methods for Macular Coloboma
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Xiaoyi Hou, Yongwei Guo, Jinhua Liu, Senmao Li, Wanlin Fan, Ming Lin, Alexander C. Rokohl, Ludwig M. Heindl
MC may occur due to incomplete differentiation of the arcuate bundles along the horizontal raphe during embryonic development; it may also result from intrauterine infections such as rubella, measles, or toxoplasma gondii.7 The condition is often familial and may be associated with other ocular abnormalities or systemic diseases, such as down syndrome,8 Michaelis-Manz syndrome,9 short-limb dwarfism,10 Sorsby syndrome,11 and familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC).12 Congenital infections and developmental MC have a somewhat similar ophthalmoscopic appearance as a cause of bilateral macular abnormalities seen in young children; however, differentiating between the two is important since they have different implications for genetic advice and future ophthalmic care.2,13
Vasectomy reversal: a review on outcomes using a loupe-assisted vasovasostomy approach
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Manoj Ravindraanandan, Chea Tze Ong, Mohammed Elhadi, Wasim Mahmalji, Mehmood Akhtar
Under a general anaesthetic, patients were positioned in the supine position. The operating field is prepared by using chlorhexidine wash, followed by sterile draping of the surrounding fields. A midline raphe incision is made, allowing access to both sides of the scrotum. The layers of the scrotum are subsequently dissected until the testis is delivered outside. The epididymis is examined and any sperm granuloma is dissected away. Loupes magnified by seven-fold were then used throughout the remaining procedure. The proximal and distal ends of the vas deferens are isolated and any scar tissue is resected away. Intravasal fluid from the vas is then expressed and the patency of the vas is checked with a 24G cannula catheterised into the lumen of the proximal and distal ends, with 3 ml of saline injected into each.
Olfactory bulbectomy and raphe nucleus relationship: a new vision for well-known depression model
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2020
Halil Ozcan, Nazan Aydın, Mehmet Dumlu Aydın, Elif Oral, Cemal Gündoğdu, Sare Şipal, Zekai Halıcı
After this procedure, the OBX rats were expected to be anosmic or hyposmic. Their feeding behaviors under light were watched for the correction of anosmia or hyposmia. After three months, all animals were euthanized. Their OBs; olfactory cortices; raphe nuclei; mammary, salivary, and thyroid glands; and parasympathetic ganglia were extracted, fixed with 0.9% formalin solution, and examined by using histopathological methods. All tissue specimens were embedded in paraffin blocks and cut into 5-µm thick sections using a microtome. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to assess histological structures, neurons stained with neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 staining for morphological changes in neuronal body and axons, and TUNEL staining for apoptosis. Immunostaining method used for the detection of GABAergic neurons. The morphologically deformed neuronal density of the raphe nuclei was estimated using stereological methods. NSE was counted stereologically by means of detecting neuronal density. Subsequently, the brain sections were horizontally embedded in paraffin blocks to observe all of their roots during the histopathological examination.