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Antipsychotic Drugs
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Harleen Kaur, Ramneek Kaur, Varsha Rani, Kanishka Sharma, Pawan Kumar Maurya
This drug binds strongly with 5-HT2A and weakly 5-HT2C or 5-HT1 receptors better than D2 receptor. This drug occupies 30% of D2 receptors. Dibenzothiazepine is a derivative of this drug. This drug is used for sedating patients as it has strong affinity for H1-histamine receptor. The active compound of this drug is norquetiapine, it possesses greater or similar potency toward receptors like its parent compound. The side effects of this drug are dyslipidemia, diabetogenesis, orthostatic hypotension, weight gain; the side effects are not adverse in comparison to olanzapine and clozapine. This is an antipsychotic drug which aids in treating psychosis (Srisurapanont et al., 2004).
Genetic influences on antisocial behaviour, problem substance use and schizophrenia: evidence from quantitative genetic and molecular genetic studies
Published in John C. Gunn, Pamela J. Taylor, Forensic Psychiatry, 2014
Pamela J Taylor, Marianne BM van den Bree, Nigel Williams, Terrie E Moffitt
In rhesus monkeys, levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the 5-HT metabolite 5-hydroxyin-doleacetic acid (5-HIAA) have been found to be associated with aggression and reduced social competency (Higley et al., 1996). In the rat, stimulation of a restricted area of the hypothalamus can elicit unprovoked violent attacks, which can be inhibited by serotonergic drugs affecting serotonin type 1 (5-HT1) receptors (Kruk, 1991). This seemed, therefore, a promising area for study in humans, among whom impulsivity and high aggression have been associated with reduced brain 5-HT turnover in a wide variety of samples, including aggressive psychiatric patients, impulsive violent offenders, impulsive arsonists and suicide victims (Virkkunen et al., 1995; Mitsis et al., 2000; Davidson et al., 2000; Lesch and Merschdorf, 2000). Longitudinal studies have shown that low CSF 5-HIAA levels can predict aggression for up to 2–3 years in boys with disruptive behaviour disorders (Kruesi et al., 1990). Examining the steps in serotonin biosynthesis is also instructive. The first step is catalysed by the rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH). TPH depletion has been shown to be associated with an increase in rate of aggressive responses in healthy males. Alcohol, in conjunction with tryptophan, has an additive effect on aggression (Dougherty et al., 1999).
Treatment of migraine with monoclonal antibodies
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
José María Serra López-Matencio, Ana Beatriz Gago-Veiga, Manuel Gómez, Estefanía Alañón Plaza, Gina Paola Mejía, Miguel Ángel González-Gay, Santos Castañeda
In addition, other substances such as nitric oxide, neurokinin A and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide are also released. These molecules generate a complex response that causes vasodilatation, increased blood flow to the brain blood vessels, and plasma protein extravasation, as well as the release of proinflammatory agents (such as bradykinin, hydrogen ions and histamine). In addition, platelet activation takes place throughout this inflammatory process [8]. Furthermore, serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a neurotransmitter that appears to play an important role in the development of migraine. During a migraine attack, there is a sharp increase in the urinary excretion of the main of 5-HT metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The blood concentration of 5-HT falls, probably due to the reduction of platelet 5-HT. It is also worth noting that many of the drugs effective in treating acute migraine attacks are 5-HT1 receptor agonists. The typical headache of migraines originates as a result of all these reactions [8].
Defining the role of mirtazapine in the treatment of refractory pruritus
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Bilal Fawaz, Bahir H. Chamseddin, John R. Griffin
Mirtazapine is a tetracyclic antidepressant that acts by pre-synaptically inhibiting the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, leading to increased norepinephrine and serotonin release (16). It also antagonizes the histamine H1 receptors, as well as the 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors, resulting in increased activity of the 5-HT1 receptors (Figure 1) (16).