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Phantom Sensations (including Phantom Limb Pain)
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
But what can be done if the phantom pain already exists? Pharmacological treatments such as painkillers or antidepressants are not very helpful (Flor, 2002). Historically, removing the part of the brain's sensorimotor cortex corresponding to the missing limb was sometimes attempted (e.g., de Gutiérrez-Mahoney, 1944). This psychosurgery is now generally regarded as a bad idea because cutting out parts of the brain has severe side effects. As an interesting sidenote, there are cases of people with phantom pain accidentally becoming cured after acquiring brain damage, allegedly because the part of their brain that was producing the pain was destroyed (e.g., Appenzeller & Bicknell, 1969; Yarnitsky et al., 1988). I absolutely would not recommend such a dangerous “treatment.”
Antipsychotic Drugs
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Harleen Kaur, Ramneek Kaur, Varsha Rani, Kanishka Sharma, Pawan Kumar Maurya
Furthermore, it is difficult to say its consistency as to how one subtype of schizophrenia reacts better than any other subtypes. The reason behind this is due to variation of criteria patients are sited at specific types of schizophrenia (Schulze and Angermeyer, 2003). Hebephrenics is a type of schizophrenia which is categorized by disorganized behavior and speech (Ujike et al., 2002). It is also termed as disorganized schizophrenia and has the meager diagnosis if not treated well on time and its paranoids frequently have increased remission rate. If the drug acted to bring out the improvement one can expect the deprived reaction in hebephrenic. It is our imprint that the type of schizophrenia is a less important factor in predicting the result of the drug except that in generalized order of its response which is due to spontaneity. Although the recovery of all classes would not have been accomplished without the use of the drug (Maurya et al., 2016). More the degree of excitement and nervousness better will be the diagnosis. However, this is not different for the treatment of drug as it is also responsible for other procedures like lobotomy (it is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery). The known fact is not all stressed patients give a good reaction to the same. Many patients seem to maintain real improvement first after the completion of their therapy and the drug gets inhibited by the active administration. This holds true in the case of less stressed patients, therefore the period of evaluating treatment is generally 6 weeks to 2 months.
Last resort
Published in Cathy Wield, Keith Matthews, Chris Thompson, Life After Darkness, 2018
Cathy Wield, Keith Matthews, Chris Thompson
This sort of operation, formally termed psychosurgery, is now known as neurosurgery for mental disorder or NMD. For once I prefer the new name; it has fewer historical associations and reflects more accurately the fact that this is indeed a new operation which uses very precise techniques.
Legal Regulation of Psychosurgery: A Fifty-State Survey
Published in Journal of Legal Medicine, 2019
Roland Nadler, Jennifer A. Chandler
A note on terminology: we view “psychosurgery” as an obsolete term that fails to capture the full range of medical interventions this article aims at addressing. It is also associated with the controversial history of the prefrontal lobotomy. The more recent alternative “neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders” suffers from the same problem with respect to scope. Not all of the procedures of interest here are, strictly speaking, surgical (e.g., focused ultrasound treatment or perhaps even transcranial magnetic stimulation). “Invasive neuromodulation” is perhaps the most appropriately inclusive term, though the word “invasive” is itself imprecise. For the purposes of this research and presentation of findings, however, the terminological decision was simple: the existing U.S. laws use the term “psychosurgery”—even if, to most lawmakers at most of the relevant times these statutes were drafted, that word’s denotation was likely limited to the prefrontal lobotomy and similar interventions—and this article follows suit for clarity and simplicity. Where there is a particular need to emphasize the breadth of interventions actually at issue, “invasive neuromodulation” will be the term of choice, but in all other regards, “psychosurgery” will suffice as shorthand.
Ablative brain surgery: an overview
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2019
Andrea Franzini, Shayan Moosa, Domenico Servello, Isabella Small, Francesco DiMeco, Zhiyuan Xu, William Jeffrey Elias, Angelo Franzini, Francesco Prada
The study of functional neuroanatomy led to the belief that removing or destroying specific regions of the brain could alter behavior [68]. Originally, psychosurgery was often carried out in an indiscriminate way, with frequent and severe side effects, lack of precision, no regulatory oversight and often bad outcomes, thus casting a shadow over the field. Thereafter, the adoption of stereotactic methodology and more strict patient selection criteria led to the improvement of safety and outcomes [68–70].
Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a safe and effective option
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Domenico La Torre, Attilio Della Torre, Domenico Chirchiglia, Giorgio Volpentesta, Giusy Guzzi, Angelo Lavano
Based on primate research by Fulton and Jacobsen, Moniz – with assistance from Lima – performed the first modern neurosurgical procedure for psychiatric illness in humans in 1936 known as ‘leucotomy,’ a surgical method that disrupted afferent/efferent pathways of the frontal lobe. The procedure was further developed in the easier ‘transorbital frontal lobotomy’ by Walter Freeman, although neurosurgical and psychiatric authorities consistently mounted criticism of his method for the indiscriminate application in spite of its dubious effectiveness. With the discovery of psychotropic drugs (Lithium, Chlorpromazine, MAO, and TCAs) in the 1950s and their broad application, interest in surgery declined rapidly. Improvement in the knowledge of ‘neurophysiology of emotion’ and development of stereotactic methodology allowed to identify new targets for psychosurgery and to reach those targets precisely with minimal lesions and minimal side effects. Several ablative techniques were used for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) such as anterior cingulotomy, anterior capsulotomy, subcaudate tractotomy, and limbic leucotomy [1,2]. Currently, interest in the neurosurgical treatment of mental illness is shifting from ablative psychosurgery (where the aim is to destroy brain tissue) to deep brain stimulation (DBS) where the aim is to stimulate areas of the brain with implanted electrodes. The first clinical application of deep brain stimulation in humans for psychiatric diseases was conducted by Heath in 1950 and involved the high-frequency chronic electrical stimulation of septal area in a group of psychotic patients [3]. Afterward in 1987, DBS technology has been introduced by Benabid for treatment of movement disorders (such as Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor) and its success led to its effective application for psychiatric disorders in the late 1990s. Another incentive was the fact that effective but irreversible ablative interventions could be emulated using HF-DBS with a focused, fully reversible technique [4]. In 1999, there was the first report of the use of DBS for a psychiatric disorder (anterior capsule DBS for OCD) [5].