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Deep Learning to Diagnose Diseases and Security in 5G Healthcare Informatics
Published in K. Gayathri Devi, Kishore Balasubramanian, Le Anh Ngoc, Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Medical Science, 2022
Here are a few examples of machine learning applications in medical field: ML classifiers are being used in neuroscience to investigate the functional and structural complexities of the brain. In cancer detection and prognosis, ML methods are used. Prostate cancer is diagnosed using SVM classifiers. Alzheimer's disease has been studied using hierarchical clustering. Different subtypes of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures have been classified using ANN.
Mental Health: Clinical Issues
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Peter Ventevogel, Peter Hughes, Claire Whitney, Benedicte Duchesne
In many refugee settings, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, care for people with epilepsy is taken on by the mental health sector.32 In African refugee settings, epilepsy usually constitutes the single largest group of patients in mental health services programmes.33.34 ‘Epilepsy’ is diagnosed when a person has at least two episodes of seizures not provoked by any apparent cause such as fever, infection, injury or alcohol withdrawal. These episodes are characterised by loss of consciousness with shaking of the limbs and are sometimes associated with physical injuries, bowel/bladder incontinence and tongue biting. When assessing people with seizures, it is important to distinguish epileptic seizures from psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (‘pseudo-seizures’), which can closely mimic epileptic seizures, with similar changes in consciousness and involuntary movements. People with epilepsy often face considerable stigma due to ideas about the causes (often thought to be related to malevolent spiritual forces such as angry ancestor spirits or evil wandering spirits) and because, in some cultures, epilepsy is thought to be contagious.
Deception, dissociation and malingering
Published in John C. Gunn, Pamela J. Taylor, Forensic Psychiatry, 2014
John Gunn, John Gunn, David Mawson, Paul Mullen, Peter Noble, Paul Mullen
The idea of splitting and separation so that parts of an individual’s body are dysfunctional and out of touch with other parts, and parts of the individual’s mind, including their memory, are separated from other parts, lies underneath many of the topics discussed in this chapter. Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures can be, at least in part, understood in this way and are sometimes called dissociative seizures. A remarkable philosophical treatise has been written on the subject, not by psychiatrists but by a philosopher, Ian Hacking (1995) in a book entitled Rewriting the Soul. He draws together many different threads and implants the topic in its history. Dissociative phenomena have been observed from ancient times but the manifestation of these phenomena changes and so does the naming. For example Hacking suggests that the hysteria of Charcot which captivated the whole of France in the nineteenth century, turning his kind of neurology into a public spectacle didn’t just disappear at the beginning of the twentieth century, as many people believe, but it changed into other forms. Hacking suggests that in the United States it became multiple personality disorder.
Epilepsy: expert opinion on emerging drugs in phase 2/3 clinical trials
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2022
Amanda W Pong, Jonathan Ross, Ivana Tyrlikova, Alexander J Giermek, Maya P Kohli, Yousef A Khan, Roger D Salgado, Pavel Klein
Human data have shown a 25% median seizure reduction with ganaxolone up to 1800 mg/day or 63 mg/kg/day in an initial open label phase 2 study of PCDH19 (NCT02358538). Response was highest in subjects with low baseline allo-S levels [75]. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial of adjunctive ganaxolone up to 1800 mg/day or 63 mg/kg/day has been conducted in 21 PCDH19-positive females between 1 and 17 years of age (Violet, NCT03865732), with an open-label extension ongoing. The primary endpoint showed median seizure frequency reduction in 61.5% with ganaxolone versus 24% with placebo (p = 0.17), and 50% responders 50% seizure reduction) with ganaxolone versus 36% with placebo. Discontinuation occurred in 10% of patients due to psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, deemed as treatment related. Because there is a spontaneous trend in seizure reduction, due to the natural history in PCDH19 of clustering seizures with long intervals between clusters, novel clinical trial designs may be needed [76].
Gut microbiota and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures; are they related?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Kamyar Asadipooya, Raidah S. AlBaradie
We read with interest the article by Dr. Iannone et al. entitled: ‘Microbiota-gut brain axis involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders.’ [1] We enjoyed this article and would like to add to it by hypothesizing that there is an association between abnormal emotional processing in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) and gut microbiota; patients with PNES may have unhealthy gut microbial composition. Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures are a relatively common reason why patients attend epilepsy clinics [2]. It has been speculated that patients with PNES may process their emotional and cognitive information inconsistently and within a limited range of options [3]. On the other hand, alterations in bidirectional gut–brain interactions are implicated in brain disorders [1]. Alterations in gut microbiota have also been associated with marked changes in behaviors relevant to mood and cognition, suggesting the critical importance of the bidirectional pathway of communication between gut microbiota and brain in health and disease [4]. Findings from a study suggest that the microbial colonization process initiates signaling mechanisms that affect neuronal circuits involved in anxiety behavior [5]. Moreover, a functional MRI study in healthy women demonstrated that a four-week intake of a fermented milk product with probiotics affected activity of the brain regions that control central processing of emotion and sensation [6].
Insights into sleep-related hyper-motor epilepsy: an Egyptian case series
Published in Neurological Research, 2019
Nirmeen A. Kishk, Amani M. Nawito, Asmaa M. Ebraheim, Haytham Rizk
One hundred patients, out of 1700 who came seeking medical advice at CUEU, Kasr Al-Ainy hospital, during the period extending from March 2015 to May 2016 were diagnosed as having sleep-related motor phenomena. Based on careful history taking from eyewitnesses, 59 received the diagnosis of possible SHE according to the consensus conference in Bologna, 2014 [1]. Their relatives were asked to supply videos of the events recorded by mobile phone cameras. After reviewing the home audio-videos recordings (displaying the entire events with documentation of the onset, evolution and offset of the episodes) and getting more detailed historical information, those who did not meet the diagnostic criteria of video-documented (clinical) SHE were excluded. Ten of the excluded patients exhibited clinical episodes suggestive of parasomnia and this was confirmed by polysomnography in three patients (10 min or longer duration, with different semiology from event to event, occurring 1 to 2 h after falling asleep and lacking clustering) [5]. Recognition of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) among the remaining individuals was achieved in 23 patients, based on the history (including the pattern and triggering of events), witnessed event, and investigations, including video-EEG monitoring [6], Figure 1.