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Exercise Effects in Cognition and Motor Learning
Published in Henning Budde, Mirko Wegner, The Exercise Effect on Mental Health, 2018
As shown in Figure 9.2, multiple forms of long-term memory have also been identified. These include declarative and non-declarative memory (Cohen & Squire 1980). Declarative memory (also referred to as explicit memory) is that of conscious recollection of information. This type of memory can be further broken down into semantic memory or episodic memory (Tulving 1972). Semantic memory includes conscious recollection of facts and knowledge, such as the capital city of Brazil. On the other hand, episodic memory is that of autobiographical life events, such as the gifts you received on your tenth birthday. Declarative memories are often assessed by conventional tests of conscious retrieval, such as recall or recognition. In contrast, non-declarative memory, also known as implicit memory, includes processes that do not require conscious retrieval (Cohen & Squire 1980). This includes procedural memory, which reflects skill-based (motor, perceptual, etc.) learning and habits, as well as priming and simple classical conditioning. Non-declarative memories are therefore assessed through performance of a behavioral test such as riding a bicycle or writing with a pencil.
Application of errorless learning in alcohol-related cognitive disorders
Published in Catherine Haslam, Roy P.C. Kessels, Errorless Learning in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2018
Yvonne C.M. Rensen, Hélène Beaunieux, Francis Eustache, Anne-Lise Pitel
Errorless (EL) learning has been investigated extensively in patients with memory impairment, including those with dementia and traumatic brain injury (see other chapters in Part 2 of this volume). Although the findings from these patient groups suggest that EL learning is promising in some contexts, it has received limited attention in management of learning deficits in patients with alcohol-related cognitive disorders. So far, only a handful of studies have examined the efficacy of this principle in patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome (KS), and even fewer have focused on using EL learning in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Impairment in declarative memory, which consists of memory for events (episodic memory) and facts (semantic memory), is common in these conditions. This impairment affects a patient’s ability to remember people they meet, adhere to treatment, attend to everyday household chores, and adjust to novel environments, making it a priority to address in rehabilitation. In contrast, non-declarative memory (e.g., priming, procedural memory) is relatively spared. As EL learning targets these implicit memory abilities, it has clear potential to compensate for the declarative memory impairments in patients with alcohol-related cognitive disorders. In this chapter, we first describe AUD and KS, then review studies investigating EL learning in these populations before drawing conclusions about its usefulness and identifying directions for future research.
Word-stem completion priming in Alzheimer's disease
Published in Lars-Göran Nilsson, Nobuo Ohta, Dementia and Memory, 2013
David P. Salmon, William C. Heindel
An important advance in the study of memory is the distinction that has been drawn between declarative (or explicit) and non-declarative (or implicit or procedural) forms of memory (Cohen & Squire, 1980; Squire, 1987). Declarative memory refers to knowledge of episodes and facts that can be consciously recalled and related (i.e., “declared”) by the one remembering. It has been characterized as “knowing that” and includes such things as memory for the words on a recently presented list or knowledge that an elephant is an animal. Non-declarative memory, in contrast, is described as “knowing how” and pertains to an unconscious form of remembering that is expressed only through the performance of the specific operations comprising a particular task. The use of non-declarative memory is indicated by the performance of a newly acquired motor, perceptual, or cognitive skill, or by the unconscious facilitation in processing a stimulus that occurs following its previous presentation (i.e., priming).
Personality and Authenticity in Light of the Memory-Modifying Potential of Optogenetics
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2021
Przemysław Zawadzki, Agnieszka K. Adamczyk
As our considerations concerns the relation between memory and personality, and ultimately, authenticity—that is, phenomena that persist across long stretches of time—we focus only on the long-term memory system. A classical and broadly accepted taxonomical proposition is to distinguish between declarative (explicit) and nondeclarative (implicit) memory (Squire 1992, 2009; Squire, Knowlton, and Musen 1993; Tulving and Schacter 1990). Psychologists usually hold that implicit (nondeclarative) memory—in contrast to declarative memory—encompasses all unconscious memories and certain dispositions, abilities, or skills. The main types of implicit memory are procedural, associative, non-associative, and priming (Camina and Güell 2017). Declarative memory, on the other hand, involves the encoding and storage of the content that an individual brings (or is at least able to bring) to consciousness during retrieval (Squire 2009; Tulving 1995).
Improving communication with patients in post-traumatic amnesia: development and impact of a clinical protocol
Published in Brain Injury, 2020
Tessa Hart, Mary Ferraro, Amanda Rabinowitz, Eileen Fitzpatrick DeSalme, Lauren Nelson, Elizabeth Marcy, Stephanie Farm, Lyn Turkstra
The finding that patients with dense anterograde amnesia can still learn, and other phenomena associated with PTA, may be explained with reference to separate, but complementary memory systems in the human brain (8). The explicit or declarative memory system, which is responsible for recalling verbalizable facts and events, is localized in the hippocampus and other medial temporal structures that are vulnerable to injury from TBI (4). In contrast, the phylogenetically older implicit or nondeclarative memory system, which mediates learning of behavioral routines, emotional associations, and other non-verbalizable information, is more diffusely represented in the brain and thus less vulnerable to injury. Classic laboratory studies have confirmed the relatively preserved implicit learning capability of patients in PTA, despite severe explicit memory deficits manifested as amnesia and disorientation (e.g. 9).
The P2X7 receptor: a new therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2019
Peter Illes, Patrizia Rubini, Lumei Huang, Yong Tang
Dementia is the leading cause of disability in the elderly population, and AD is the most prevalent of all dementias leading to early deficits in episodic, short-term memory, followed by progressive impairment in declarative and non-declarative memory [50,51]. In view of the continuously aging population of industrialized countries, there is a huge interest in AD with an accordingly intense research activity concentrating on its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. In this review, we will give only a short account of the AD-related research with special emphasis on its association with P2X7R function.