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Regulation of Glial Function by Insulin Peptides
Published in André Kleinridders, Physiological Consequences of Brain Insulin Action, 2023
Ana M. Fernandez, Laura Martinez-Rachadell, Patricia Miranda-Azpiazu, Ignacio Torres Aleman
Oligodendrocytes were also first described by del Rio-Hortega (81), and are the myelinating cells of the CNS, while Schwann cells are their counter-part in the peripheral nervous system. Both are from neuroepithelial lineage. Oligodendrocyte precursors (usually refer as NG-2 glia) remain in high numbers in the adult brain and constitute a renewal pool for these glial cells, generated all along ontogeny. Accordingly, this source of precursor cells is important for endogenous re-myelination (82) and is modulated by ILPs (83, 84). Myelinated axons are a key component of the mammalian brain, providing fast conductance capacities to neurons and forming the white matter of the brain. Other roles of oligodendroglia in the adult CNS that are increasingly emerging (85), may also be regulated by ILPs, but more work is needed.
Functional Neurology
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
Neurons communicate with each other via synapses. It is estimated that there are approximately 100 trillion synapses within the human brain, all forming lines of communication between neural cells. Electric signals pass from neuron to neuron in a process called synaptic transmission. When an electrical signal reaches a synapse, it triggers the release of various chemical mediators, known as neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters pass into the synaptic cleft, where they act upon and influence their neighboring neurons.
Automated Epilepsy Seizure Detection from EEG Signals Using Deep CNN Model
Published in Rohit Raja, Sandeep Kumar, Shilpa Rani, K. Ramya Laxmi, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in 2D/3D Medical Image Processing, 2020
Saroj Kumar Pandey, Rekh Ram Janghel, Archana Verma, Kshitiz Varma, Pankaj Kumar Mishra
Roughly 50 million people are suffering from epilepsy globally, according to the study by the WHO (World Health Organization) in 2017 [1]. Approximately 10% of people are affected with epilepsy every year [2]. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder wherein there is an uncontrolled electrical discharge of neurons. Our whole brain is a biological neural network. The primary unit of the neurons system is the cell. Every neuron is made of two parts: axon and cell body dendrites. Neurons transmit signals throughout the body. Epilepsy can affect anyone at any stage of life. Epileptic patients experience a vast range of symptoms which largely depend on the portion and the area of the brain that is affected. Epileptic seizures are of potential harm since they are often responsible for physical, social consequences and psychological disorders, which may result in loss of consciousness, injury to the brain and, in certain cases, abrupt death [1].
Efficient simulations of stretch growth axon based on improved HH model
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Xiao Li, Xianxin Dong, Xikai Tu, Hailong Huang
Neuronal cell is composed of three components: a cell body, an axon, and a dendrite. These components are responsible for receiving, integrating, and delivering information. In general, neurons receive and integrate information from other neurons via their dendrites and cell bodies, and then transfer it to other neurons via their axons. Nerve fibers have great excitability and conductivity, and their primary role is to transmit information between neurons. When a sufficient stimulus excites a nerve fiber, it immediately generates a propagable action potential. Chemical synapses allow action potentials to be passed from one neuron to the next by transporting neurotransmitters through synaptic vesicles. The action potential-induced shift in membrane potential causes the calcium channel on the synaptic terminal membrane to open, allowing a substantial number of calcium ions to flow into the membrane, resulting in an abrupt increase in calcium ions in the synaptic membrane. When synaptic vesicles detect an increase in the number of calcium ions in the surrounding environment, they fuse with the presynaptic membrane and spit neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap. After binding to a protein receptor on the postsynaptic membrane, the neurotransmitter causes excitement or inhibition.
Prediction of abrasive wears behavior of dental composites using an artificial neural network
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Abhijeet Shivaji Suryawanshi, Niranjana Behera
The human brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons by an unbelievable number of connections. Each neuron is linked to several other neurons and communicates with them regularly. So any physical or mental activity, we engage in activates a certain group of neurons in our brains. Figure 1(a) describes the structure of neuron in a brain. A single neuron is made up of three parts: (1) dendrites, (2) cell body, and (3) terminals. An artificial neuron, seen in Figure 1(b), is a computational and mathematical model of a biological neuron. Figure 1(c) shows the architecture of a neural network having input p, output a, and feeding with r and s parameters. Other parameters of a neural network are bias vector b, weight matrices w, transfer function f, and linear combiner u (Maleki and Unal 2021).
Bazi Bushen capsule attenuates cognitive deficits by inhibiting microglia activation and cellular senescence
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Chuanyuan Ji, Cong Wei, Mengnan Li, Shuang Shen, Shixiong Zhang, Yunlong Hou, Yiling Wu
Neurons are the main components of brain tissue, which exchange information by receiving, integrating, conducting and outputting information. Nissl bodies are plaque-like or granular substances present in neurons. They are composed of a large number of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, which mainly synthesize proteins required for the renewal of organelles. Nissl bodies can be used as a marker of neuronal functional status. The Nissl bodies undergo decrease, loss and dissolution in an injured neuron. Nissl bodies can increase and return to normal levels in the recovery from neuronal injury (Kaufmann et al. 2012). The current study showed that BZBS can protect against neuronal damage and ameliorate the cognitive deficits in d-gal-induced ageing mice (Figure 4(C,D)).