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Neurons
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
Some neurons have a single dendrite with tuft branches, or are bitufted, that is having two dendrites with tuft branches. Figure 7.1f illustrates a neurogliaform cell, which is an inhibitory interneuron of the cerebral cortex and is characterized by a relatively compact dendritic tree but extensive axonal branching that extends for up to about 400 µm.
Treating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia with GLP-1RAs: an overview of their therapeutic potential
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2021
Jonathan Flintoff, James P Kesby, Dan Siskind, Thomas HJ Burne
Insulin receptors are widely distributed in the brain [46,47] and insulin readily crosses the blood–brain barrier [48]. Insulin receptor signaling has a regulatory role in cerebral glucose metabolism, hedonic, and non-hedonic aspects of feeding, and levels of midbrain dopamine and glutamate transmission [5]. Single-cell digital polymerase-chain reaction in the rat cerebral cortex shows insulin is also expressed in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurogliaform cells [49]. This local insulin secretion is thought to support the synaptic function necessary for normal excitatory and inhibitory function. Indeed insulin also plays a role in regulating synaptic plasticity by recruiting GABAA receptors to postsynaptic membranes within the central nervous system [50]. Insulin has neurotrophic functions within the brain that regulate neuronal proliferation [51] and neurite growth [52]. Insulin also plays a neuroprotective role in the brain in a dose-dependent manner, preventing cell death [53] and protecting against oxidative stress in cortical neurons [54]. All these function to support aspects of cognitive functioning that are known to be impaired in individuals with schizophrenia.