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Developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
Published in Jill Christmas, Rosaline Van de Weyer, Hands on Dyspraxia: Developmental Coordination Disorder, 2019
Jill Christmas, Rosaline Van de Weyer
There are three main components of developmental coordination disorder: Ideation – the ability of the brain to think about, or conceptualise what the body needs to do (which should become automatic once a skill is learned). The child with DCD may have to cognitively work out which action is needed each time even though they have performed the action previously.Motor planning – the ability to organise one’s body for action without having to think about it. With DCD, the child has to consciously think actions through, sometimes at the expense of the task in hand.Execution – the ability to respond to input from the environment and make the right movement – in technical terms this is called a ‘motor adaptive response’ – something that we learn to do from the moment we are born in response to incoming stimuli from around us. Practice refines the movement, and it is then utilised without conscious monitoring. Young people with DCD tend to exhibit poorly integrated reflexes and postural reactions.
Fine motor, perceptual and non-verbal cognitive development
Published in Ajay Sharma, Helen Cockerill, Nobuo Okawa, Mary Sheridan's from Birth to Five Years, 2014
Ajay Sharma, Helen Cockerill, Nobuo Okawa
Motor planning refers to the ability to chain together a series of actions into a purposeful action in an efficient way. Children with difficulties of planning or organising of movements may well understand what is required from a task and have the muscle strength and movements to do the individual components of the task and yet be unable, or find it difficult, to carry out the full sequence, and simple daily tasks such as tying shoelaces can be confusing. Such problems with motor planning may indicate developmental coordination disorder or dyspraxia.
In schizophrenia, psychomotor retardation is associated with executive and memory impairments, negative and psychotic symptoms, neurotoxic immune products and lower natural IgM to malondialdehyde
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Michael Maes, Sunee Sirivichayakul, Buranee Kanchanatawan, André F. Carvalho
In the current study, we found significant associations between MOT_ML and PMR indices and executive functions, especially planning and spatial working memory. Previously, it was shown that the Trail Making Test (TMT) scores were significantly associated with the withdrawal and retardation factor of the BPRS and with psychomotor speed (Mahurin et al. 2006). Importantly, Riddle (2013) reported that executive functions, especially planning may predict fine motor control, suggesting that when planning abilities decline also motor control declines. Corti et al. (2017) reviewed that planning may be a compensatory resource for fine motor control in adults. It is known that executive engagement improves motor performance in older adults (Heuninchx et al. 2008; Seidler et al. 2010). The effects of planning on motor functions are supported by findings in schizophrenia that planning dysfunctions contribute to psychomotor slowing (Jogems-Kosterman et al. 2001). Leisman et al. (2016) suggest that cognitive processes (e.g., planning) underpin motor output, including intended and actual movement and named this effect “Motor-Cognition”. The latter processes are localised in the M1 area, the premotor area, the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) and supplementary motor area (SMA), which allow for motor planning, while the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia initiate and organise the actions (Leisman et al. 2016). This explains that disorders in the premotor cortices are associated with aberrations in the initiation of movements (Walther and Strik, 2012). The main function of the prefrontal cortex is the temporal organisation of speech, behaviour, and reasoning with the participation of working memory, orientation for action and control of interference (Barbas, 2009; Fuster, 2009). It should be underscored that executive functions also control semantic and episodic memory (Sirivichayakul et al. 2019a), explaining in part the strong intercorrelations between executive functions, PMR and memory deficits reported here.