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Brain Motor Centers and Pathways
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The vestibulospinal tract has two components: (i) the lateral vestibulospinal tract, which originates in the lateral vestibular nucleus and descends, ipsilaterally, the length of the spinal cord; and (ii) the medial vestibulospinal tract, which originates in the medial vestibular nucleus and extends bilaterally through mid-thoracic levels of the spinal cord. The APs along the axons of the lateral vestibulospinal tract monosynaptically excite the motoneurons that activate the antigravity muscles, which are extensor muscles of the trunk and legs and flexor muscles of the arms, and they disynaptically inhibit motoneurons that activate the antagonists to the antigravity muscles. This pathway mediates balance, contributes to the maintenance of posture, and is involved in the vestibulospinal reflex (VSR) that stabilizes the body. When the head and trunk are tilted together to one side, for example, this reflexively activates the trunk and leg extensors on the side to which the head is tilted, so as to stabilize the body. The VSR, together with other reflexes, is also involved in the “righting” of the body to prevent a fall when slipping.
Specific Synonyms
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
Lateral vestibulospinal tract2 (B&K, p. 75) Ventrolateral vestibulospinal tract (Wilk, p. 66)Vestibulospinal tract (B&K, p. 75)
Brain regions, lesions, and stroke syndromes
Published in Christos Tziotzios, Jesse Dawson, Matthew Walters, Kennedy R Lees, Stroke in Practice, 2017
Christos Tziotzios, Jesse Dawson, Matthew Walters, Kennedy R Lees
An important group of descending fibres is the lower corticospinal tract, which is made of the decussated medullary motor fibres. Because of that decussation, each side of the body is essentially controlled by the contralateral hemisphere. The lateral and medial reticulospinal tracts convey information from the medullary and pontine reticular formation, respectively. The lateral vestibulospinal tract (depicted in Figure 3.3) originates from the vestibular nucleus of the medulla and terminates in truncal and limb musculature.
Cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential: A comparison of narrowband chirp, broadband chirp, tone burst and click stimulation
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2023
Tarryn Marisca Reddy, Barbara Heinze, Leigh Biagio-de Jager, Leen Maes
The vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) is a clinical vestibular function test used to assist in the identification and diagnosis of vestibular pathologies by evaluating otolith function (Ozgur et al. 2015; Walther and Cebulla 2016). The cervical VEMP (cVEMP) is mediated by a vestibulocervical reflex pathway that includes the saccular macula, inferior vestibular nerve, the lateral vestibular nucleus, the lateral vestibulospinal tract, and the motor-neurons of the ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle (Akin, Murnane, and Proffitt 2003). Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials can also be recorded from extraocular muscles, as part of the linear vestibulo-ocular reflex pathway by placing electrodes around the eyes and is referred to as ocular VEMP (oVEMP), which predominantly reflects utricular function (Rosengren, Welgampola, and Colebatch 2010).
Center of pressure velocities in patients with body lateropulsion: three case report series of Wallenberg’s syndrome
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Hideaki Matsuo, Masafumi Kubota, Mayumi Matsumura, Mami Takayama, Yuri Mae, Yuki Kitazaki, Soichi Enomoto, Asako Ueno, Masamichi Ikawa, Tadanori Hamano, Ai Takahashi, Misao Tsubokawa, Seiichiro Shimada
Wallenberg’s syndrome, also known as a lateral medullary syndrome, is a neurological condition caused by a lateral medullary infarction. This syndrome’s symptoms are ipsilateral Horner syndrome, ipsilateral limb ataxia, superficial sensory disturbance of the ipsilateral face and contralateral limbs, dysarthria, dysphagia, and vertigo. Body lateropulsion (BL), a postural disorder characterized by the body involuntarily tilting to one side, is one of the Wallenberg syndrome’s predominant symptoms (Dieterich and Brandt, 1992, 2019; Kim et al., 2007; Maeda et al., 2005; Pérennou et al., 2008; Thömke et al., 2005; Yamaoka, Kishishita, Takayama, and Okubo, 2018). Lesions of the descending lateral vestibulospinal tract or the ascending dorsal spinocerebellar tract may induce BL (Kim et al., 2007; Maeda et al., 2005; Thömke et al., 2005). Pérennou et al. (2008) reported that patients having brainstem strokes showed severe visual vertical tilts and BL and minor or no tilts of vertical posture. This suggests that vestibular nuclear lesions interfere with postural control via direct vestibulo-spinal mechanisms rather than via a higher-order representation mechanism (Kim et al., 2007; Pérennou et al., 2008, 2014). Although pathological mechanisms that cause BL are better understood, features of postural control are not fully understood. Therefore, demonstrating these features during the recovery process of patients with BL may assist in developing effective physical therapy programs and plans of care.
A systematic review of vestibular stimulation in cerebral palsy
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Daniel Topley, Karen McConnell, Claire Kerr
Given that the vestibular system transmits sensory information to the brain via the vestibular nerve to maintain postural stability, stimulation of this system may reduce balance deficits in children and adults with CP. Indeed, vestibular stimulation via specific exercises such as spinning and swinging has demonstrated improvements in postural stability, specifically, static and dynamic balance [15], and in sitting balance [16] in children with CP. Possible mechanisms of action include maturation of the vestibuloocular reflex, thus enabling stable retinal image during head movements [17] and impacts on the lateral vestibulospinal tract, facilitating maintenance of upright and balanced posture [18].