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A-Z of Standardisation, Pre-Clinical, Clinical and Toxicological Data
Published in Saroya Amritpal Singh, Regulatory and Pharmacological Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations, 2017
CNS effects: A total of four experiments were carried out at different doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) of Dhatri Lauha in different animal model in an attempt to confirm the safety of the general patients. In Hole cross test highly significant (p < 0.005) increase in motor activity was observed but only at a dose of 200 mg/kg and only at min 30. Highly significant (p < 0.005) increase in ambulation behavior was observed in Hole board test only at a dose of 100 mg/kg after 240 min and a significant increase (p < 0.01) was observed at the same dose after 180 min. Climbing out test also did not produce any significant changes in activity (Nishat et al. 2012).
Fenugreek in Management of Neurological and Psychological Disorders
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Rohini Pujari, Prasad Thakurdesai
The methanol extract (30, 100 mg/kg) and ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract (30, 100 mg/kg) of fenugreek seeds were reported as anxiolytic activity against meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP, 1 mg/kg), a 5-HT2 receptor agonist, that induced anxiety in mice. Both extract and fraction showed a significant and dose-dependent increase in the number of entries and the time spent in open arms (elevated plus maze paradigm), the time spent in light zone (light-dark box), and the number of squares crossed and assisted rearing (open field apparatus) (Iyer et al. 2004). Ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract showed antagonistic effects towards m-CPP (ED50 = 48.97 mg/kg) (Iyer et al. 2004). Subsequently, acetone soluble fraction (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of methanol extract of fenugreek seeds demonstrated significant and dose-dependent nootropic and anxiolytic activities against scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction during passive shock avoidance paradigm in rats in elevated plus maze paradigm in mice (Mohan et al. 2006). These results were attributed to alkaloids and saponins present in fenugreek (Mohan et al. 2006). Thereafter, the methanol extract of fenugreek seeds (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) is reported as anxiolytic and skeletal muscle relaxant activity in mice following 15 days of oral feeding in mice in a dose-dependent manner when assessed using hole board test, light and dark test, phenobarbitone-stimulated sleeping time, and rotarod test (Assad and Khan 2017). The effects may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids, polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids in fenugreek extract (Assad and Khan 2017).
Chronic unpredictable stress shifts rat behavior from exploration to exploitation
Published in Stress, 2021
C. E. Matisz, C. A. Badenhorst, A. J. Gruber
Exploration requires time and energy and comes at the cost of increased risk relative to exploiting a familiar option. In our study, stressed rats appear more motivated to obtain the reward, at the expense of exploration. This is in line with previous studies indicating that chronic stress promotes exploitation over exploration. For example, chronic stress biased human subjects to exploit known resources, rather than explore, in a virtual foraging task (Lenow et al., 2017). Further, rats exposed to chronic, but not acute stress, reduce exploratory activity in the hole board test (Garcia-Marquez & Armario, 1987). This test does not use food reinforcements, but rather relies on rodent’s natural tendency to nose-poke into holes, presumably in search of escape routes. It has been suggested that stress induces overexploitation because it causes environments to be perceived as harsher than reality (Frankenhuis et al., 2016). Stress has also been shown to shift attention and cognition toward the present rather than the future (Daly & Wilson, 2005), which should reduce exploratory actions because they only provide value in the future. For example, a risk-taking task revealed that when an exploitative strategy was rewarded, humans with previous developmental stress outperformed controls; conversely, when the task rewarded exploration, controls had greater success (Humphreys et al., 2015). This suggests previous exposure to stress promotes behaviors that are adaptive to present environmental conditions rather than future ones (Frankenhuis et al., 2016; Frankenhuis & de Weerth, 2013).
AhR/IL-22 pathway as new target for the treatment of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome symptoms
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Maëva Meynier, Elodie Baudu, Nathalie Rolhion, Manon Defaye, Marjolène Straube, Valentine Daugey, Morgane Modoux, Ivan Wawrzyniak, Frédéric Delbac, Romain Villéger, Mathieu Méleine, Esther Borras Nogues, Catherine Godfraind, Nicolas Barnich, Denis Ardid, Philippe Poirier, Harry Sokol, Jean-Marc Chatel, Philippe Langella, Valérie Livrelli, Mathilde Bonnet, Frédéric Antonio Carvalho
The hole board test is used to evaluate the rodents’ emotionality, anxiety state, and/or stress responses response to an unfamiliar environment.65 The test consists of a board (39.5 × 39.5 cm) with 16 equidistant holes, 3 cm in diameter, equally distributed throughout the platform and placed 70 cm above the ground, with an equal illumination (30 lux). At 24 DPI, mice were acclimated to the room at least 45 minutes before test. Mice (n = 10–12 per group) were individually placed on one corner of the board facing away from the experimenter. The number of head dips in the holes were quantified for 5 minutes.
Maternal protein malnutrition induces autism-like symptoms in rat offspring
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Tatiane Helena Batista, Alexandre Giusti-Paiva, Fabiana Cardoso Vilela
Knowing that maternal protein malnutrition can lead to the development of psychiatric disorders in descendants, that the prevalence of ASD has increased continuously, and that the causes of and proper treatments for ASD are not presently known, we tested the relationship between maternal protein malnutrition and the onset of ASD in the offspring. For this, we tested rodents that exhibited behavioral characteristics resembling some of the core behavioral features associated with ASD.9,10 Since ASD patients typically show poor communication skills, difficulty in social interaction,11 deficits in social play,12 and recognition tasks impairment,13 we tested offspring born from dams fed with a hypoproteic diet (6% of casein) and those born from dams fed with a normal diet (22% of casein). The offspring underwent the following behavioral tests: (1) the pup isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalization (USV) test provides quantitative measures of USVs, which are emitted by rodent pups when they are isolated from the nest and play an essential communicative role in mother–offspring interaction;8,14 (2) the homing behavior test, which provides an early measure of social discrimination, since it allows us to detect the cognitive, sensory, and motor abilities necessary to discriminate between a neutral odor and their own nest odor;8,15 (3) the hole-board test at adolescence, which evaluates repetitive patterns that are considered to be parameters of stereotyped behavior;16 (4) the social play interaction test at adolescence, which enables the detection of social behaviors both related and unrelated to play;8,17 and (5) the object recognition test, which evaluates the pups’ insistence on the sameness and their repetitive exploration of familiar objects.10